Residue management for reducing evaporation in relation to soil type and evaporativity1     

S.S. Prihar  S.K. Jalota  J.L. Steiner 《Soil Use and Management》1996,12(3):150-157

Abstract. Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (E_o) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two E_o's Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (E_om) followed the soil-specific relation E_om/E_o= a e^(bRes+cEo), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; E_o, is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy-limited stage ‘U’ was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t - ti)^0.5 to obtain the slope ‘α’ (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed ‘U’ was independent of mulch rate and E_o but was strongly affected by soil type, Values of ‘α’ decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in E_o and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from ‘U’ and ‘α’ agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for ‘undercut’ and ‘residue mixed’ treatments on all soils regardless of E_o, and for all situations under small E_o. However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under E_o of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit.  相似文献   

Devastation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) crops in different agroclimatic zones of India by genetically diverse subgroups of phytoplasma     

《Crop Protection》2016

The sesame crop is highly susceptible to infection by phytoplasmas, a class of cell wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria (Mollicutes), which is responsible for widespread loss of sesame crops in both North and South India in recent years. Therefore, characterizing the pathogen population is required before the control measures can be devised and implemented. With molecular tools based on nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, sequencing, restriction profiling, and phylogenetic analysis, phyllody-affected sesame plants collected from nine different states of India were found to be infected by phytoplasmas belonging to two 16Sr groups, namely 16SrI and II. Two subgroups of phytoplasma −16SrI-B and 16SrII-D— were prevalent in symptomatic sesame samples collected from North India, whereas phytoplasma of only the 16SrII group was found in South India. However, the latter samples were diverse, belonging to three different subgroups (16SrII-A, II-C, and II-D). In addition, yearly phyllody-affected sesame samples from Delhi for 4 consecutive years (2007–2010) showed variation in the infecting phytoplasma: the subgroup 16SrII-D was detected in samples collected in 2007, and 16SrI-B was predominantly found in the samples collected in the subsequent years. The study also provides molecular evidence for the association between 16SrI-B phytoplasma and different symptoms in sesame crops such as fasciation, little leaf, and stunting. This is the first study to report the association of the phytoplasma subgroups 16SrII-A and II-D with sesame crops in India. This study provides a baseline for designing specific detection and molecular analysis strategies for quarantine purposes. It also highlights the need for examining the dynamics of seasonal or location-specific variation in vector populations to determine the pattern of infection outbreaks.  相似文献   

Hydraulic-hydrological simulations of canal-command for irrigation water management     

R. Singh  J.C. Refsgaard  L. Yde  G.H. Jørgensen  M. Thorsen 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1997,11(3):185-213

A modelling system that combines the hydraulic simulations of the canal and hydrological simulations of the irrigated command is introduced. It uses MIKE 11 and MIKE SHE, two well-established modelling systems, for the hydraulic and hydrological simulations respectively. In addition, it also has an irrigation scheduling module and a crop growth module. The modelling system is applied to the Mahanadi Reservoir Irrigation Scheme, a large irrigation project in Central India. The results show that presently a significant amount of water is wasted in the command during the monsoon season. It is demonstrated that the minimization of this wastage could lead to a substantial crop production in the subsequent dry season. Furthermore, the simulations illustrate the versatility of the modelling system for planning and analysing the various aspects of an irrigation project.  相似文献   

印度Leh地区沙棘叶中脂肪酸的含量     

Shishir Tandon  P.Jayamurthy  R.C.Sawhney  土小宁 《国际沙棘研究与开发》2009,7(1):41-43

本文用气相色谱仪分析了印度Leh地区沙棘叶油中种脂肪酸的含量,结果显示：该地区沙棘叶油中富含硬脂酸,其值可以达到13．853％,山嵛酸13．938％,亚油酸7．579％,掬焦油酸6．638％,十八稀酸4．622％。  相似文献   

Soil management for Alfisols in the semiarid tropics: erosion, enrichment ratios and runoff   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

A.L. Cogle  K.P.C. Rao  D.F. Yule  G.D Smith  P.J. George  S.T. Srinivasan  L. Jangawad 《Soil Use and Management》2002,18(1):10-17

Abstract. Continuous cultivation of soils of the semiarid tropics has led to significant land degradation. Soil erosion and nutrient loss caused by high runoff volumes have reduced crop yields and contributed to offsite damage. We compared a number of soil management practices (tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems) for their potential to improve crop production and land resource protection in an Alfisol of the semiarid tropics of India. Runoff and soil erosion were monitored and surface soil and sediment were analysed for nitrogen and carbon to determine enrichment ratios. Amelioration of soils with organic additions (farmyard manure, rice straw) or rotating perennial pasture with annual crops increased soil carbon and nitrogen contents and reduced runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss. Soil erosion totalled less than 7 t ha^–1, but enrichment ratios were often greater than 2 resulting in up to 27 kg N ha^–1 and 178 kg C ha^–1 being lost in sediment. Up to an extra 250 mm of water per year infiltrated the soil with organic additions and was available for crop water use or percolation to groundwater. The results show that there are good opportunities for reducing degradation and increasing productivity on farms.  相似文献   

印度农业基础设施建设的经验及其启示     

余萍  王红玲 《现代农业科学》2008,(1):69-71

印度的农业生产条件比我国要恶劣的多,但也正是因为印度积极加强农业基础设施建设,才在农业的很多方面超越了中国。印度农业设施建设的基本经验,对于我国加快社会主义新农村建设,促进农业向集约化现代化转变提供了极其重要的借鉴和启示。  相似文献   

印度农产品贸易特征及其对中国的启示     

张超  李哲敏  董晓霞 《农业展望》2014,(9):65-69

近30年来,印度农业经历了由内向、封闭的政府主导发展战略向积极与世界经济融合的战略转变过程后,其农产品贸易得到了快速发展。从贸易特征的角度出发,对印度农产品贸易的规模、结构以及政策进行了分析和探讨。研究发现,印度农产品贸易规模不断扩大、结构逐渐变化、贸易政策限制逐渐减少等特征明显;结合中国农产品贸易现状,就挖掘中印双边市场、发展优势农产品精深加工、推进中印自由贸易区建设等提出若干建议。  相似文献   

印度菜粕替代国产菜粕对奥尼罗非鱼生长、体组成及健康状况的影响     

王国霞  莫文艳  盛广成  黄文庆  王绥涛  黄燕华 《华南农业大学学报》2016,37(3):9-16

【目的】研究印度菜粕替代国产菜粕对奥尼罗非鱼生长性能、免疫力及肝脏结构的影响。【方法】选取120尾初始体质量约为17.3 g的奥尼罗非鱼,随机分为4组;设计4种等氮等能的实用饲料G0、G50、G75和G100,其中,G0为对照组(国产菜粕用量35%),G50、G75和G100为分别用印度菜粕替代G0饲料中50%、75%和100%的国产菜粕并添加质量分数为0.1%的二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭(DMPT)为诱食剂,饲养周期为43 d。【结果】印度菜粕替代水平升高可导致罗非鱼的末均质量、增质量率、特定生长率降低,饲料系数升高,其中,G100组差异显著(P0.05)。全鱼体成分和血清常规生化指标差异不显著(P0.05),血清丙二醛(MDA)、NO含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性差异也不显著(P0.05),但G100组总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和溶菌酶(LZM)含量比G0显著升高(P0.05)。随着印度菜粕替代水平的升高,奥尼罗非鱼肝细胞结构的损伤程度逐渐加大。【结论】生长阶段在17~70 g的奥尼罗非鱼,饲料中印度菜粕替代国产菜粕的水平不宜超过75%。  相似文献   

Adsorption-desorption behaviour of flufenacet in five different soils of India     

Gajbhiye VT  Gupta S 《Pest management science》2001,57(7):633-639

Adsorption-desorption of the herbicide flufenacet (FOE 5043) has been studied in five soils from different locations in India (Delhi, Ranchi, Nagpur, Kerala and Assam) varying in their physicochemical properties. The organic matter (OM) content varied from 0.072 to 0.864%, clay content from 2.5 to 43.7% and pH from 4.45 to 8.35. The adsorption studies were carried out using a batch equilibration technique. Ten grams of soil were equilibrated with 20 ml of aqueous 0.01 M CaCl2 solution containing different concentrations (0-30 mg litre-1) of flufenacet. After equilibration, an aliquot of supernatant was taken out for analysis. During desorption, the amount withdrawn for analysis was replenished with fresh 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and further equilibrated. Desorption studies were carried out with the 30 mg litre-1 concentration of flufenacet only. The adsorption studies revealed that there was moderate to high adsorption of flufenacet considering the comparatively low organic carbon content in the five test soils. Average Kd values ranged from 0.77 to 4.52 and Freundlich KF values from 0.76 to 4.39. The highest adsorption was observed in Kerala soil (OM 0.786%; clay 25%; pH 4.45) followed by Ranchi, Nagpur and Delhi soils, and the lowest in Assam soil (OM 0.553%; clay 2.5%; pH 6.87). The trend in adsorption could be attributed to the chemical nature of flufenacet and the physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, OM and clay contents. OM and clay contents were positively correlated whereas pH was negatively correlated. Soils having low pH, high OM and high clay contents showed higher adsorption. Desorption studies revealed that there was a hysteresis effect in all the soils. Hysteresis coefficient values (ratio of n(ad) and n(des)) varied from 0.09 to 0.45. The study implies that, because of its moderate to high adsorption, flufenacet is likely to persist in soil for some time. However, the possibility of its movement by leaching or surface run off is less.  相似文献   

Peste des petits ruminants has been widely present in southern India since, if not before, the late 1980s     

Taylor WP  Diallo A  Gopalakrishna S  Sreeramalu P  Wilsmore AJ  Nanda YP  Libeau G  Rajasekhar M  Mukhopadhyay AK 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2002,52(3-4):305-312

Because previous authorities had suggested that small ruminants were playing a part in the dissemination of rinderpest, and a rinderpest-eradication campaign was about to begin, it was necessary to make precise virus identifications from a number of small-ruminant “rinderpest” outbreaks. When this was done using a database created from passive disease reports, we found that epidemics—reportedly due to rinderpest—were in fact due to peste des petits ruminants (PPRs). Although such cases had been common in India for a number of years, earlier clinical and laboratory reports no longer should be regarded as definitive. PPR outbreaks have been frequent in recent years. Further, we suggest that PPR is not a recent invader of India.  相似文献