树木体内水分长距离运输的负压传递机制     

尚念科 《山东林业科技》2011,41(3):90-92

蒸腾能使木质部产生不超过-0.1MPa的有限负压,这个负压在木质部内自上而下依次向下传递。水分在导管或管胞内所受的吸附力、毛管力、真空力等综合作用力要大于或等于所受的重力,这个综合作用力可以将水分托住而不受重力作用而下移,使水分在负压作用下以分段移动的方式从根部上升到植物顶端。空穴和栓塞是两个不同的概念,其形成过程、恢复机制都有其本质的不同。空穴的发生与负压和水分的分段移动有密切的关系。  相似文献   

Road Transport of Late-Pregnant Mares Advances the Onset of Foaling     

《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2020

Cortisol is involved in the initiation of parturition and we hypothesized that increased maternal cortisol release advances the onset of foaling. Transport is a stressor for horses and induces an increase in cortisol release. To determine stress effects on the time of foaling, late-pregnant mares were transported by road for 3 hours (n = 12) or remained in their stable as controls (n = 4). Starting on day 325 of gestation, saliva and blood samples were taken for cortisol and progestin analysis, respectively. Fetomaternal electrocardiograms were recorded repeatedly. Mares were checked for impending parturition and changes in precolostrum pH. When pH decreased to 6.5, mares were either transported or left untreated. After birth, saliva was collected repeatedly from mares and their foals and heart rate (HR) was recorded. Foals were checked for maturity and health. Gestation length was 337 ± 2 days in stressed and 336 ± 2 days in control mares. Cortisol concentration increased from 3.3 ± 0.9 to 8.4 ± 0.8 ng/mL in transported mares (P < .001) and remained constant in controls. Maternal HR and heart rate variability (HRV) did not differ between groups and neither fetal HR nor HRV changed in response to transport. In transported mares, time from precolostrum decrease to parturition was shorter (40 ± 10 hours) than the respective time in controls (134 ± 49 hours, P < .01). Neither duration of foaling nor times to first standing and suckling of foals or the postnatum increase in HR and decrease in HRV differed between groups. In conclusion, transport-induced maternal cortisol release may have advanced the onset of foaling.  相似文献   

Effect of embryo age on the viability of equine embryos after cooled storage using two transport systems     

M. Moussa DVM  PhD  G. Duchamp  P.F. Daels DVM  PhD  Dipl ACT ECAR  J-F. Bruyas DVM  PhD  Dipl ECAR   《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2006,26(11):529-534

The aim of this study was to compare the viability of 7- and 8-day-old equine embryos cooled and stored for 6 or 24 hours in two different transport systems. Embryos (n = 97) were recovered on day 7 or 8 and assigned to 10 groups (n = 10/group). Embryos within the same age group (D7 or D8) were evaluated immediately after collection (Group-0h) or after storage in an Equitainer at 5°C for 24 hours in 5 ml Emcare Holding Solution (EHS) (Group-E-24h) or 5 ml Ham's F10 (Group-H-24h) or in a refrigerator at 5°C in 500 ml Emcare Flushing Solution (EFS) for 6 hours (Group-B-6h) or 24 hours (Group-B-24h). After collection or storage, embryos were incubated in 1 μg/ml DAPI to determine the percentage of dead cells per embryo (DAPI positive, fluorescent cells). Subsequently, embryos were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and re-stained with DAPI to determine the total number of cells. The percentage of dead cells in group-0h and B-6h was similar and significantly lower than for embryos stored for 24 hours in groups B-24h, E-24h, and H-24h. The percentage of dead cells was similar for embryos stored in an Equitainer (groups E-24h and H-24h) and was significantly higher for embryos stored 24 hours in EFS (Group B-24h). Within each storage system (0h, B-6h, B-24h, E-24h, and H-24h) no significant difference in the percentage of dead cells was observed between 7- and 8-day-old embryos. Storage in 500 ml EFS at 5°C for 6 hours resulted in embryos of better quality than after the traditional 24-hour storage in an Equitainer, suggesting that this simplified system offers a good alternative for short-term storage and transport.  相似文献   

Spontaneous postharvest fermentation of açai (Euterpe oleracea) fruit     

《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2013

Açai (Euterpe oleracea) fruit (EOF) are widely commercialized in the Brazilian Amazon. These fruit contain a high bacterial load and are transported on boards stowed inside or outside the holds of small boats. In this context, postharvest parameters were assessed under conditions that simulated these two methods of EOF transport: stowage in closed polystyrene boxes, simulating the inside of cargo holds, i.e., transport in a closed system; and open baskets, simulating transport in an open environment, i.e., transport in the prow or bow of the boat. EOF suffered spontaneous fermentation of alcoholic, acetic, and lactic types in the closed system, which is the most common type of transportation of this fruit. In the closed system, there was a predominance of lactic acid bacteria over acetic acid bacteria, with 82% and 95% of the initial content of d-glucose and d-fructose being consumed, respectively, after 27 h of experiment. The weight loss reached 1.7% and there was a logarithmic decrease of the major phenolic compounds of the fruit in the closed system, with losses of 78% of cyanidin-3-rutinoside, 88% of cyanidin-3-glucoside, 78% of homorientin, and 72% of orientin after 27 h, which was higher than in the open system (58%, 66%, 73% and 62%, respectively). Analyses on EOF stowed in a closed system indicated that the respiratory rate was characteristic of a non-climacteric fruit, i.e., it showed a logarithmic decay in the production of CO₂ (R² = 0.995; P < 0.05). Thus, transport in a closed system results in more drastic nutritional and functional changes on EOF than when transport is carried out in an open system, suggesting that transportation in continuous aerobic conditions and a short period of time between picking and processing are preferable.  相似文献   

Protective effect of floor cover against soil erosion on steep slopes forested with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis> (hinoki) and other species     

S. Miura  S. Yoshinaga  T. Yamada 《Journal of Forest Research》2003,8(1):0027-0035

 We evaluated the protective effects of floor cover against soil erosion in three types of forest located on steep slopes under a humid climate: 22- and 34-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki), 34-year-old Cryptomeria japonica (sugi), and 62-year-old Pinus densiflora (red pine) stands. We measured sediment transport rates (sediment mass passing through one meter of contour width per millimeter of rainfall), using sediment traps, before and after removing floor cover. Raindrop splash erosion was dominant in the experimental stands. Floor cover percentage (FCP) during the preremoval stage varied from 50% to 100% among the four stands, and sediment transport rates ranged from 0.0079 to 1.7 g m⁻¹ mm⁻¹. The rates increased to 1.5–5.6 g m⁻¹ mm⁻¹ immediately after removing floor cover, and remained high throughout the experiment. The presence of physical cover near the ground has a crucial effect on sediment transport on forested slopes. The protective effect ratio (the ratio of the sediment transport rate in a control plot to that in the removal plot) in a young hinoki stand, in which the FCP decreased markedly, was 0.3 at most, which is close to the rate for bare ground. The protective effect ratio in the red pine stand was ≤0.003. We concluded that the protective effect of floor cover in undisturbed forests in Japan differs by over two orders of magnitude, based on comparisons with previous studies. Received: March 11, 2002 / Accepted: August 16, 2002 Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211; Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211; Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Research Council of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, of Japan. We thank H. Ujihara, S. Ujihara, and M. Ogasawara in Otoyo, Kochi, who provided the experimental stands used in this study. We also thank K. Hirai, S. Kuramoto, E. Kodani, and the rest of the staff at the Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, for their help in conducting the experiments. Correspondence to:S. Miura  相似文献   

Effect of simulated transport stress on the rat small intestine: A morphological and gene expression study   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Changrong Wan  Peng Yin  Xiaolong Xu  Mingjiang Liu  Shasha He  Shixiu Song  Fenghua Liu  Jianqin Xu 《Research in veterinary science》2014

The present study investigated the effects of simulated transport stress on morphology and gene expression in the small intestine of laboratory rats. Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to 35 °C and 0.1×g on a constant temperature shaker for physiological, biochemical, morphological and microarray analysis before and after treatment. The treatment induced obvious stress responses with significant decreases in body weight (P < 0.01), increases in rectal temperature, serum corticosterone (CORT), serum glucose (GLU), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (P < 0.01), as well as expression of Hsp27/70/90 mRNA (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). The rat jejunum was severely damaged and apoptotic after mimicking transport stress, which may mainly be related to cell death, oxidation reduction and hormone imbalance determined by microarray analysis. The bioinformatics analysis from the present study would provide insight into the potential mechanisms underlying transport stress-induced injury in the rat small intestine.  相似文献   

Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility and Hematological Responses of Horses Administered Ascorbic Acid and Exposed to Road Transportation     

《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2014,34(11-12):1324-1328

The experiment was performed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid (AA) on some hematological parameters and erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) in horses transported by road. A total of 14 horses, consisting of seven experimental and seven control horses, were used for the experiment. Before the transportation, blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture from all the horses. Experimental horses were administered with AA (200 mg/kg dissolved in 20 mL of distilled water per os), whereas the control horses were given 20 mL of distilled water per os. Thereafter, the animals were transported for 6 hours and blood samples collected after transportation. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration were higher (P < .05) in experimental than the control group, whereas total leukocytes reduced significantly (P < .05) in experimental in comparison with the control horses. Lymphocyte, neutrophil counts, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and total protein decreased in experimental horses in comparison with control, but they were not significant (P > .05). Erythrocyte osmotic fragility was lower in experimental than the control at 0.3% NaCl concentration (P < .05). The result of the present study revealed that AA ameliorated changes in hematological parameters and EOF induced by road transport stress, partly because of its antioxidant properties.  相似文献   

Heat stress: A major contributor to poor animal welfare associated with long-haul live export voyages     

Malcolm P. Caulfield  Heather Cambridge  Susan F. Foster  Paul D. McGreevy 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2014,199(2):223-228

Recent investigations by the Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry into high mortalities on live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East during the Northern hemisphere summer suggest that animal welfare may be compromised by heat stress. The live export industry has generated a computer model that aims to assess the risk of heat stress and to contain mortality levels on live export ships below certain arbitrary limits. Although the model must be complied with under Australian law, it is not currently available for independent scientific scrutiny, and there is concern that model and the mandated space allowances are inadequate. This review appraises the relevant literature on heat stress in sheep and cattle, including laboratory studies aimed at mimicking the ambient temperatures and humidity levels likely to be encountered on live export voyages. Animal welfare is likely to be very poor as a result of heat stress in some shipments.  相似文献   

Successful storage and transport of eggs of the white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet)     

J.D. Celada  J.M. Carral  J.R. Pérez  M. Sáez-Royuela  C. Muñoz 《Aquaculture International》2002,9(3):269-271

Embryonated eggs of theEuropean native white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet weresubjected to three periods of storage usingpolystyrene boxes and, afterwards, artificiallyincubated. At the end of the longest storage(42 days) survival rate was 98.3%, with 65%developed to stage 2 juvenile. Differentstorage periods allowed the staggeredproduction of juvenile batches within a monthperiod. The same containers used for storagewere also suitable for transport.  相似文献   

农药在土壤中迁移及其影响因素的初步研究   总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14  

杨大文  杨诗秀  莫汉宏 《土壤学报》1992,29(4):383-391

本文运用非饱和土壤中水分运动和溶质运移基本理论,建立了非饱和土壤中农药运移的数值模拟模型.模型中考虑了农药在土壤中迁移与转化的主要过程:附土壤水分的对流;水动力弥散;土壤吸附及生物化学降解等.模型得到了室内土柱中灭幼脲-Ⅲ号杀虫剂淋溶试验的验证.文中分析了各种因素对该农药存土壤中迁移的影响,并且对两种不同的农药进行了比较.研究表明,在本文所研究的条件下影响农药在土壤中迁移与转化的主要因素是土壤吸附和农药在土壤中的降解.  相似文献