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The relationship between commuting distances and where people work has been studied for urban contexts in both developed countries and developing countries. However, few studies have examined the situation in rural areas, and none look at commuting distances to non‐farm workplaces in rural areas of developing countries. This paper investigates how commuting distance, and thus accessibility, to local non‐farm work influences non‐farm employment and out‐migration from rural villages in Northeast Thailand. The main issues examined are: (i) the distance that rural residents travel to work in local non‐farm jobs; and (ii) the influence that local non‐farm employment has on the number of outmigrants from rural villages. The study finds: (i) distance between villages and non‐farm work sites impact the number of villagers who are employed in regular wage work; (ii) beyond 20 km villagers are less likely to travel to non‐farm employment using their own means of transportation; and (iii) employment in regular wage work decreases outmigration. The findings from this study contribute to the debates over the drivers of rural out‐migration, rural livelihood changes, and agrarian changes that are taking place in Southeast Asia. 相似文献
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Landscape context influences many aspects of songbird ecology during the breeding season. The importance of landscape context
at stopover sites for migrating songbirds, however, has received less attention. In particular, landscape context may affect
the availability and quality of food for refueling during stopovers, which is critical for successful migration. We evaluated
the influence of woody habitat cover in the surroundings of stopover sites at several spatial extents on the hourly changes
of body mass in two species of European-African forest-dwelling songbird migrants (Willow Warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus, and the Eurasian Redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus). Data were sampled by standardized methods from a network of ringing stations throughout Europe during the falls of 1994–1996.
In both species, hourly body mass gain calculated for first captures increased with woody habitat cover. We found a similar
logarithmic relationship for both species, although for Willow Warblers mass gain was more strongly related to the habitat
cover within 5 km, in contrast to 3 km for Redstarts. For Willow Warblers, where sufficient data are available for each year,
the relationship is consistent over the years. The shape of the relationship suggests existence of a threshold of landscape
suitability for refueling at stopover sites: in sites with less than 10% of woody habitat cover, birds tend to lose body mass
or to gain mass at a lower rate.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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在获取宁夏5个生态移民村共计228份有效调研数据基础上,利用因子分析法对少数民族地区生态移民发展绩效评价指标进行了优化和构建,由原来的14个因子优化为5个新的影响因子;从马斯洛需求层次论角度对优化的5个新因子进行命名,得到了各个新因子的发展绩效评价方程和综合评价方程,同时,利用各调研村各指标的均值数据进行了实证评价。结果发现,生态移民村发展绩效优势分布在不同需求层次上。最后,从共性和差异性两方面探讨了提升移民发展绩效的思路。 相似文献
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农民工市民化指标体系及市民化程度测度——以上海市农民工为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于户籍制度等原因,中国农村劳动力转移依旧停留在"候鸟式"迁移阶段,没有真正实现市民化。测度农民工市民化程度并研究其影响因素,有助于统筹城乡发展并推进新型城镇化建设。基于上海市1 184份农民工调查数据,采用综合指标体系法构建农民工市民化指标体系,测算了农民工市民化程度,探讨上海市农民工市民化的影响因素。结果表明,农民工总体处在半市民化状态,而新生代农民工市民化程度略高于老一代农民工,其市民化程度分别为52.38和51.40。极低市民化状态农民工占比较低,仅为0.08%;较高市民化状态农民工占比较高,达54.48%;完全市民化状态的比例偏低,为1.69%。经济状况和基本素质为农民工市民化提供了可能,心理认知和社会接纳是农民工市民化的重要障碍因素。基于此,提出了提升农民工基本素质、消除就业歧视、推进户籍制度改革等政策建议。 相似文献
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With the implement of China's ex-situ poverty alleviation resettlement (ESPAR) policy, nearly 10 million rural population have relocated with a better living condition in a short period of time, most of which have migrated to urban areas. The living environment and lifestyle of the poverty alleviation migrants (PAMs) have undergone dramatic changes, the resulting mental health problems may seriously affect their social integration and well-being. In particular, homesickness is a prevalent mental problem among the PAMs that demand prompt attention. Research indicates that longing for natural environment is one of the major causes of homesickness among rural out-migrants. As the main natural environment in cities, urban green space has been proven by numerous studies to have a positive effect on residents' mental health in various aspects, including reducing anxiety, relieving fatigue, and fostering perseverance. However, few studies have focused on the influence of urban green space on the mental health of the PAMs, especially on alleviating their homesickness syndrome. Using the data collected from interviews and questionnaire survey in the PAMs’ resettlement sites in Anshun, Guizhou, which has undertaken a heavy poverty alleviation task, this study examined the relationship between the physical activity, environment, function of urban green space, and the severity of PAMs’ homesickness, meanwhile paying attention to the impacts caused by different socio-demographic characteristics. The results show that urban green space is strongly associated with alleviating PAMs’ homesickness, and that all three factors play a positive role. Neighborhood green space is used the most, but suburban green space seems to provide better alleviation of homesickness. This study sheds lights on the critical role of urban green space for promoting PAMs' mental health, and aims to provide scientific reference to the planning and improvement for future migrant resettlements and urban green space. 相似文献
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Examining trans‐Tasman migration of new immigrants to New Zealand from the People's Republic of China: A quantitative approach 
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下载免费PDF全文 Liangni Sally Liu 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2015,56(2):297-314
‘Back‐door’ migration refers to the entry of overseas‐born New Zealand citizens to Australia. Many New Zealand Chinese migrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) are within this migration flow. Based on a detailed analysis on the permanent and long‐term arrival and departure data from Statistics New Zealand and an online survey conducted by the author, this paper examines the trans‐Tasman migration of New Zealand's PRC migrants. The result shows that compared with New Zealand‐born citizens, the trans‐Tasman migration of China‐born New Zealand citizens is not large in number. The 2001 Australia immigration policy change of the welfare provisions to New Zealand citizens discouraged ‘back‐door’ migration of the PRC migrants in the short term only. Australia still remains a favoured destination for many of them. Economic consideration is the main factor drawing these migrants to Australia. This paper also reveals a circulatory feature of the PRC migrants' trans‐Tasman migratory movements, as evidenced by a significant number of respondents who had migrated from New Zealand to Australia indicating that they would come back to New Zealand at some future time. 相似文献
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