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1.
Shiva Bakhshandeh Paola E. Corneo Liming Yin Feike A. Dijkstra 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2019,205(2):157-167
Drought and high temperature are major environmental stress factors threatening wheat production during grain filling stage resulting in substantial yield losses. Four wheat genotypes (Suntop, IAW2013, Scout and 249) were planted under two temperature levels (25 and 30°C) and two water levels (15% and 25% soil moisture content). Wheat yield, leaf δ13C, plant rhizodeposition, shoot biomass and root traits were examined. Low moisture (drought stress) and high temperature (heat stress) decreased the grain yield of all wheat genotypes, in particular 249, while combined drought and temperature stresses had the most pronounced negative effect on plant biomass and grain yield. Decreasing soil water availability decreased the allocation of plant‐derived C to soil organic carbon (SOC) and to microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Leaf δ13C decreased with increased yield, suggesting that higher yielding genotypes were less water stressed and allocated less C to SOC and microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Wheat genotypes with lower root/shoot ratios and thinner roots were more efficient at assimilating C to the grain, while genotypes with higher root/shoot ratios and thicker roots allocated more C belowground through rhizodeposition at the expense of producing higher yield. Therefore, improving these traits for enhanced C allocation to wheat grain under variable environmental conditions needs to be considered. 相似文献
2.
Günther Schilling Andreas Gransee Annette Deuhel Grit Leovi Silke Ruppel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1998,161(4):465-478
Field and pot experiments showed that the P demand of wheat is highest in early stages of growth (up to 1.67 μg P per cm2 root surface and day). The needed orthophosphate ions H2PO4? and HPO42-move from soil to the root by diffusion. This process is controlled by the concentration gradient of the diffusible phosphate and the effective diffusion coefficient according to Pick's first law. Root excretions (rhizodeposition) are able to affect both characteristics. The water soluble portion of rhizodeposition contains more than 50% of up to 8 different sugars, 10–40% carboxylic acids and 10–15 amino acids and amides. The composition varies in dependence on the age of the root parts and on nutrition (Zea mays L., Brassica napus L., Pisum sativum L.). Diffusion experiments using small soil blocks showed that 50–75% of the root exudates were decomposed by respiration within 3 days. The rest was largely chemically converted. Originally present sugars disappeared. Due to the biosynthesis of different organic acids from the individual sugars the mobilisation of Ca3(PO4)2 by Pantoea agglomerans increased when the sugar mixture was derived from the rhizodeposition of P deficient plants with more pentoses instead of glucose and fructose (mainly effect of anions). In the rhizosphere therefore a mixture of rhizodeposition and its conversion products exists which affects the binding of phosphorus in soil and the P transport to the root. This should be considered both for the development of new soil extractants and for modelling the P supply to plants. 相似文献
3.
This study assesses the influence of saccharides in the rhizodeposition on the phosphate solubilizing ability of rhizosphere bacteria. Water‐soluble rhizodeposits were analyzed of 14C‐labeled pea plants (Pisum sativum, cv. ‘Grapis’) which were grown at two different levels of P‐nutrition. The sugars produced were fed in vitro either as single compounds or as synthetic mixtures to three bacterial strains and the ability of the bacteria to mobilize Ca3(PO4)2 was measured. The relative glucose proportion of pea exudates decreased under P deficiency while the content of galactose, ribose, xylose and fucose increased. In vitro feeding of single sugars and sugar mixtures showed that the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PsIA12) to dissolve tertiary calcium phosphate was lower with pentoses and the mixed sugars of the P‐deficient plants than with glucose. On the other hand, the shifted sugar pattern observed under P deficiency increased the phosphate mobilization ability of Pantoea agglomerans (D5/23) and Azospirillum sp. (CC 322) considerably. This observation can only partly be explained by the acidification of the nutrient medium. Bacteria also produced different carboxylic anions depending on sugar supply. In addition to low‐molecular mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxylic acids which are known as P‐solubilizing substances, sugar acids also played an important role in cultures D 5/23 and CC 322. 相似文献
4.
S. Mahieu F. Germon H. Hauggaard-Nielsen E.S. Jensen 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(2):380-554
In the next few years, grain legumes should be used as a mean of N acquisition in cropping systems due to the depletion of non-renewable sources of energy. However, this requires improvements in the accuracy with which biological N2 fixation, N balances and the N benefit for following crops are estimated. Moreover, grain legume crops are largely influenced by water stress while the world area exposed to drought periods may increase in the coming years due to global warming. This work aims to quantify biomass and N accumulation, N partitioning between above and below ground parts and N rhizodeposition by a pea (Pisum sativum L.) when influenced by water stress. In a controlled environment, pea plants were exposed to a severe drought or not stressed, either at flowering or during pod filling. N rhizodeposition was measured using the split root method and plants were harvested at the end of flowering (59 days after sowing, DAS 59), at the end of the drought period applied during pod filling (DAS 74) and at maturity (DAS 101). Water stress strongly affected pea dry weight and N accumulation. In both stressed treatments, nodule biomass and N content were reduced by about 65% in the absence of stress. Regardless of the treatment, total below ground plant N (root N + N rhizodeposition; BGN) and N rhizodeposition were correlated with total plant N content and the proportion of BGN to total plant N was similar among treatments at each sampling date. At DAS 59 and 74, the N contained in rhizodeposits represented around 30% of the total BGN and increased to around 60% at maturity though BGN decreased from around 20 to 13% of the total plant N between DAS 74 and maturity. The results suggest that water stress has no specific effect on N partitioning between above and below ground parts. 相似文献
5.
The aim of the present study was to test and improve the reliability of the 15N cotton-wick method for measuring soil N derived from plant rhizodeposition, a critical value for assessing belowground nitrogen input in field-grown legumes. The effects of the concentration of the 15N labelling solution and the feeding frequency on assessment of nitrogen rhizodeposition were studied in two greenhouse experiments using the field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Neither the method nor the feeding frequency altered plant biomass and N partitioning, and the method appeared well adapted for assessing the belowground contribution of field-grown legumes to the soil N pool. However, nitrogen rhizodeposition assessment was strongly influenced by the feeding frequency and the concentration of labelling solution. At pod-filling and maturity, despite similar root 15N enrichment, the fraction of plants' belowground nitrogen allocated to rhizodeposition in both Frisson pea and the non-nodulating isoline P2 was 20 to more than 50% higher when plants were labelled continuously than when they were labelled using fortnightly pulses. Our results suggest that when 15N root enrichment was high, nitrogen rhizodeposition was overestimated only for plants that were 15N-fed by fortnightly pulses, and not in plants 15N-fed continuously. This phenomenon was especially observed for plants that rely on symbiotic N2 fixation for N acquisition, and it may be linked to the concentration of the labelling solution. In conclusion, the assessment of nitrogen rhizodeposition was more reliable when plants were labelled continuously with a dilute solution of 15N urea. 相似文献
6.
林木根系分泌物的化感作用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
目前关于根系分泌物的研究更多地是关注其与微生物间关系,而对化感方面缺乏系统全面的认识。近年来林木的化感作用逐渐成为研究热点。文中通过深入分析国内外关于林木化感作用研究,归纳总结了根系分泌物的种类、释放途径及作用特点,从化感作用的角度深刻揭示根系分泌物,指出现有研究中存在的问题并对未来的研究加以展望,以期为解决林木混交及连栽地力衰退问题提供理论参考,为实现森林可持续经营提供借鉴。 相似文献
7.
Understanding photoassimilate allocation into the roots and the release of organic substances from the roots into the rhizosphere is an important prerequisite for characterizing the belowground C input, the spatial and temporal distribution of C, and the interactions between plants and soil microorganisms. Based on 14C phosphor imaging, we visualized the allocation of assimilates into Lolium perenne roots and estimated the life time of hotspots at the root tips. Lolium shoots were labeled in a 14CO2 atmosphere, and herbariums of roots and shoots were prepared 6 h, 2 d, and 11 d after the 14C pulse. The 14C distribution in roots and leaves revealed that pulse labeling does not yield homogeneously labeled plant material. The spatial distribution of assimilate allocation was evaluated based on the 14C specific activity expressed as digital light units (DLU mm–2) of the imaging plates. Areas with high relative 14C activity were classified as hotspots. Strong 14C hotspots were detected mainly at the root tips already 6 h after the 14C assimilation, and they remained active for at least 2 d. Eleven days after the 14C assimilation, the hotspots at the root tips disappeared and the 14C distribution was much more even than after 6 h or after 2 d. 14C phosphor imaging proved to be a promising tool to visualize the allocation of photoassimilates into the roots and the rhizosphere and can be used to identify hotspots and their dynamics. 相似文献
8.
混播草地中豆科牧草与禾本科牧草(简称豆/禾牧草)之间的氮转移在草地农业系统氮循环中具有重要作用。在豆科/禾本科牧草混播系统和豆科/禾谷类作物间作系统存在一种氮素共享的通道,即在间(混)作中,豆科植物固定大气中的氮在满足自身生长需求前提下,还通过各种途径为伴生的禾本科植物提供氮源。在混播草地中氮素转移途径主要分地上和地下两种。地上途径主要是豆科牧草的地上部分经放牧家畜采食后粪便归还土壤,后又被禾本科牧草吸收利用或者地上凋落物在土壤中经微生物分解矿化释放出有效氮被另一种植物吸收利用(反之亦成立)。地下途径相对复杂,可能有以下3种:1)通过植物根际沉积氮转移。2)通过菌根真菌的菌丝传递。3)通过植物根系分泌物中含氮化合物来转移。目前的研究虽然明确了有可能转移的途径,但哪一种途径是主要的方式?在氮素转移的过程中,某一途径会部分的发生,还是好几种途径同时发生,每一个途径的贡献为多少?这仍缺少关键的证据。本研究针对国内外关于豆/禾混播草地中豆科牧草生物固氮、豆/禾牧草间氮转移的研究现状,重点对混播草地中豆/禾牧草之间的氮素转移数量、转移途径及影响因素等方面进行了分析与总结,并对可能存在的氮素转移机理进行了综述,对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为下一步通过将豆科植物引入我国农牧业种植结构来实现农牧业可持续发展模式的研究提供理论资料。 相似文献
9.
The soil organic matter plays a key role in ecological soil functions, and has to be considered as an important CO2 sink on a global scale. Apart from crop residues (shoots and roots), left over on the field after harvest, carbon and nitrogen compounds are also released by plant roots into the soil during vegetation, and undergo several transformation processes. Up to now the knowledge about amount, composition, and turnover of these root‐borne compounds is still very limited. So far it could be demonstrated with different plant species, that up to 20 % of photosynthetically fixed C are released into the soil during vegetation period. These C amounts are ecological relevant. Depending on assimilate sink strength during ontogenesis, the C release varies with plant age. A large percentage of these root‐borne substances were rapidly respired by microorganisms (64—86 %). About 2—5 % of net C assimilation was kept in soil. The root exudates of maize were mainly water‐soluble (79 %), and in this fraction about 64 % carbohydrates, 22 % amino acids/amides and 14 % organic acids could be identified. Plant species and in some cases also plant cultivars varied strongly in their root exudation pattern. Under non‐sterile conditions the exuded compounds were rapidly stabilized in water‐insoluble forms and bound preferably to the soil clay fraction. The binding of root exudates to soil particles also improved soil structure by increasing aggregate stability. Future research should focus on quantification and characterization of root‐borne C compounds during the whole plant ontogenesis. Apart from pot experiments with 14CO2 labeling, it is necessary to conduct model field experiments with 13CO2 labeling in order to be able to distinguish between CO2 originating from the soil C pool and rhizosphere respiration, originating from plant assimilates. Such a separation is necessary to assess if soils are sources or sinks of CO2. The incorporation of root‐borne C (14C, 13C) into soil organic matter of different stability is also of particular interest. 相似文献
10.
ABSTRACTRhizodeposition is an important component of carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, there remains tremendous uncertainty in its quantification due to the methodological limitations. In the present study, we propose a method to evaluate the rhizodeposition by plants by observing carbon flux. We investigated the ecosystem CO2 flux variability and calculated the rhizodeposition of carbon by the rice rhizosphere, by using the carbon flux, meteorological data, and biomass observation from 2003 to 2011 at the Taoyuan Agro-ecological Experimental Station, a representative subtropical paddy ecosystem. Our data indicated that the process of rhizodeposition is the major reason for the discrepancy between the biomass and net primary productivity of the paddy ecosystem under intensive human interference. Both the amount and ratio of rhizodeposition of carbon in this paddy ecosystem were assessed; this provides important theoretical and methodological support for further investigating rhizodeposition by rice under field conditions. The rhizodeposition amount in the growing season of early rice, late rice, and for the entire planting period was 0.52–2.56, 0.74–3.75, and 1.61–5.24 t ha?1, respectively, with the corresponding mean (±SD) rhizodeposition ratios of 23.16 ± 8.87%, 28.16 ± 12.94%, and 27.00 ± 9.3%. This method enabled us to calculate rhizodeposition under in situ conditions, and the results showed that the growing season of late rice was the primary period for rhizodeposition in rice ecosystem. 相似文献