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Hans Charles Komakech Marloes L. MulPieter van der Zaag Filbert B.R. Rwehumbiza 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(11):1719-1726
Although spate irrigation systems are risk-prone, they can be an important component for livelihood security in semi-arid areas. Spate uses water (flood water), which upstream users often do not require, as rainfall during these periods is more than sufficient. The use of this flood water for spate irrigation is therefore a good opportunity to convert water with a low opportunity cost to high value water. As more rivers are closing, due to socio-economic and climate changes, spate irrigation may become increasingly relevant in semi-arid areas. Spate irrigation systems pose institutional and technical challenges: collective action is challenged by complex upstream-downstream interactions between users within the system, and the high labour demands for regular reconstruction of temporary diversion weirs and intake structures. This paper describes a spate irrigation system in Makanya village, Tanzania that emerged in response to increased upstream water use. We use three of the four dimensions (hydrological, hydraulic and sociological) of spate irrigation proposed by Van Steenbergen (1997) to assess the Makanya spate irrigation system. The Makanya spate irrigation system has an organisational structure that is similar to the canal irrigation (furrow) committees located upstream, and effectively deals with the institutional demands of managing water in spate irrigation systems. Water allocation is reminiscent to the water sharing arrangements existing in the full irrigation system, which previously was in place at the site and in the high- and midlands of the Makanya catchment and therefore set this system apart from the traditional spate irrigation practice elsewhere. Technically, a major challenge is the reconstruction of the head works after each flood. Another aspect is the changes in the river bed. Flash floods carry sediments that deposit on the fields, raising the elevation of the irrigated land every year and making it increasingly difficult for the river water to enter the plots. Improving system efficiency through modernisation of the diversion and distribution structures in this case is not feasible due to the huge amounts of sediments delivered to the system each year. Instead investments in conjunctive use of groundwater could be the solution because it involves a relatively small intervention, minimises the physical disturbance of the system, and therefore is likely to respect the existing locally developed water management arrangements. 相似文献
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利用中国气象局公布的日降水资料建立湘西地区5～9月2、3、5d最大降水的3种极端降水指数,发现ENSO对其后雨季湘西地区的极端降水有显著影响,其中前年7月至当年2月的相关系数都达到0.4以上,通过了0.01水平的显著性检验.而1910 ～ 1981年洪水的统计显示,极端降水与湘西暴发洪水河流的条数有着很好的相关关系,而且在时间上也有较好的对应,表明极端降水是造成湘西洪水的主要原因.进一步分析发现,Nino3区海温与极端降水及洪涝之间都存在显著正相关关系,表明在El Nino年湘西地区暴发洪水灾害的可能性更大. 相似文献
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库区山洪暴发与持续干旱的机械防治措施 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
根据几年来的实践和探索，认为节水微滴灌技术系统结合高山峡谷陡坡地切断长陡坡、开挖蓄水池是农业和峡区水土保持的一个重要环节，提出了库区山洪暴发和持续干旱的机械防治措施。 相似文献
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Suspended sediment load during floods in a small stream of the Dolomites (northeastern Italy) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Suspended sediment load was analyzed in a small, high-gradient stream of the Eastern Italian Alps which was instrumented to measure discharge and sediment transport. The ratio of suspended to total sediment yield and the relations between sediment concentration and water discharge were analyzed for seven floods which occurred from 1991 to 1996 in summer and autumn (from June to October). Different patterns of hysteresis in the relation between suspended sediment and discharge were related to types and locations of active sediment sources. The within-storm variation of particle size of suspended sediment during a major flood indicates a coarsening of transported material for increasing discharge. An analysis of grain size has shown that erosion areas on hillslopes were the main sources of suspended load. 相似文献
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This paper examines the relations between rainfall, runoff and suspended sediment transport in the Isábena basin during a quasi-average hydrological year. The Isábena is a mesoscale river basin that drains a mountainous area comprising patches of highly erodible materials (badlands). The paper includes an analysis of the different hydrological and sedimentary responses of the catchment to a similar rainfall. Thirty-four floods were studied, with a very variable response observed. Runoff coefficients ranged from 0.32% to 33%. The sedimentary response was also highly variable, with maximum suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) oscillating between < 0.1 and 90 g l− 1 and flood sediment loads varying from 27 to 54,000 t per hydrological event. Most sediment load was concentrated in spring when competent floods occur frequently. Pearson correlation matrix and backward stepwise multiple regression indicate that the hydrological response of the catchment is strongly correlated with total precipitation, event duration, and rainfall of the previous days. Very low correlation was observed with rainfall intensity. The relation between rainfall and sediment transport followed the same trend. Sediment variables (e.g., total load and SSC) were significantly correlated with variables such as total rainfall and rainfall over the previous days, although the significance level was lower in comparison with the runoff related variables. There was again no correlation between sediment variables and rainfall intensity. On-going research in the area suggests that, apart from rainfall, factors such as sediment availability in the badlands and accumulation of sediment in the channels influences the river's sedimentary response. The non-linear hydrosedimentary response is reflected in the wide range of runoff coefficients and sediment loads that have been observed in response to similar amounts of precipitation. 相似文献
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Asian policymakers need to know how changes in land uses and practices related to forests affect flooding, dry season stream
flow, and water quality. Based on their beliefs about these relations, policymakers often ban logging or introduce expensive
projects. Many key stakeholders believe that logging and deforestation increase flooding and the damage floods cause, but
there is only evidence for this in relation to smaller and less severe floods. It is also widely believed that logging and
clearing forest reduce dry season stream flow, but whether that actually occurs depends on rainfall patterns, soils, topography,
geology, and the type of vegetation. Forests generally improve water quality, although not always. More research is needed
on the magnitude of the water quality effects, particularly as regards drinking water. 相似文献
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The hydrological and geomorphological dynamics of the lower Rhone river (southern France) are studied during the Roman period (2nd–1st centuries BC, 2nd–3rd centuries AD). The crossing of archaeological and radiocarbon dating methods allow to study events at a pluridecadal to centennial scale. From the Avignon town to the delta, the 15 sites where Roman fluvial dynamics were recorded show higher flooding frequencies, higher energy levels during floods, rises in the marshes or groundwater levels, and/or active morphological dynamics such as channel migrations from 1st century BC to 1st–2nd centuries AD, with respect to the encircling periods. Although this fluvial change does not reach the amplitude of great climatic events such as the Little Ice Age in the Rhone valley, we show that it is also perceived in other parts of the catchment and could have a climatic origin. However, this event is not recorded in the immediate Mediterranean environment of the lower Rhone, so that the Rhone appears to efficiently transmit a foreign climatic change. 相似文献