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在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟镶黄旗蝗灾发生区,采集了严重危害草原的4龄期、5龄期及成虫的亚洲小车蝗,分别对它们的活体、死体的悬浮速度进行了测定,为草地蝗虫吸捕机的设计与改进提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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储训 《扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》1986,(1)
本文采用数学分析的方法,建立了大型泵站肘形进水流道过水断面面积与内外壁边界几何参数之间的方程,并给出了方程的数值解法。与以往所采用的图解法相比,免除了繁琐的作图和校核修改过程,对应于一定的流速分布给出唯一的结果。 相似文献
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Background, aim, and scope Contaminated mine drainage water has become a major hydrogeological and geochemical problem. Release of soluble metal contaminants
and acidity from mining sites can pose serious chemical risks to surface and groundwater in the surrounding environment, and
it is an important socio-economic factor addressed by working groups like SUITMA Morel and Heinrich (J Soils Sediments 8:206–207,
2008). The release of Zn and Pb from sulfide-bearing flotation residues of a small scale mine in Western Germany is investigated
with focus on metal transfer to soil solution. Total contents of the soil material as well as soil water sampled with suction
cups were analyzed. The influence of pH on leaching behavior was investigated with pHstat tests. Isotopic analyses helped assessing seepage water velocity. The aim of this study was the assessment of the environmental
behavior of zinc and lead caused by the weathering of sulfide-bearing mine tailings. Especially, we address in this paper
the dissolution of sphalerite (ZnS) in contrast to the well-known dissolution processes of pyrite (FeS2).
Materials and methods Total metal contents of the soil samples were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, total C concentration
was measured using a CHNS elemental analyzer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra were recorded from powdered soil samples. Soil
water was sampled in nylon suction cups. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and temperature of the soil water samples were
measured in the field immediately after sampling. Major anions (F, Cl, NO2, NO3, SO4) were analyzed by ion chromatography, major cations (Ca, Na, K, Li) were analyzed by flame photometry, heavy metals (Zn,
Pb, Fe, Mn, and Mg) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Tritium was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC),
18O and 2H were analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). pHstat tests were performed at four different pH values between 2 and 5.
Results Total Zn contents of the soil samples averaged 10 g kg−1, Pb contents averaged 2.5 g kg−1, Fe 22 g kg−1, S 8.0 g kg−1, and total carbon 4.0 g kg−1. Below 2-m depth, soil samples had neutral pH values. Toward the surface, pH decreased down to pH 5.4 in P1 and P3, and to
pH 5.9 in core P2, respectively. Dissolved contents of major ions (Mg, Ca, K, SO4, and HCO3) in the soil solution increased with depth. Metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Zn) decreased with depth. The solution pH was neutral
to slightly alkaline in samples below 2 m and slightly acidic (pH 6) at 1 m depth. Tritium values are around 7 TU and correspond
to modern rain, i.e., after 1975. Stable isotope values plot on the global meteoric water line. The pHstat tests provide two kinds of information, the acid neutralization capacity after 24 h (ANC24) and the release of metals depending
on pH. The ANC24 increases linearly with decreasing pH from about 60 mmol(eq) kg−1 at pH 5 to about 460 mmol(eq) kg−1 at pH 2. Zn and Fe release show a strong increase with decreasing pH to 126 and 142 mmol(eq) kg−1, respectively. Pb release increases at pH <4 and Mn release at pH <5, both to about 10 mmol(eq) kg−1.
Discussion With an average of 10 g kg−1, this field site is highly enriched in Zn. In the oxidized topsoil, Zn concentrations are significantly lower than in the
anoxic subsoil. The distribution pattern of total Zn contents and soil pH values indicate that the topsoil, which is prone
to oxidation and acidification, is already depleted in Zn. Only in soil core P2, Zn (and Fe) contents in the topsoil were
higher than in the subsoil. Oxidation of the sulfidic material leads to redistribution into mobilizable species. High soil
water concentrations (10 to 15 mg L−1) can be found at acidic pH. The dominant Zn species in the soil solution is Zn2+. At neutral pH, Zn concentrations are below 0.001 mg L−1. During the soil passage, the contaminated seepage water enters the anoxic subsoil with pH buffering carbonates. Results
indicate that Zn is immobilized there. However, when the acid neutralization capacity is exhausted, a breakthrough of dissolved
Zn to the groundwater has to be expected. Lead averages 2.5 g kg−1 inside the flotation dump. In contrast to Zn, the first centimeters of the oxidized topsoil with high TOC contents show higher
Pb contents than the anoxic subsoil. About 80% of the cation exchange capacity in the topsoil is occupied by Pb. In contrast
to Zn, Pb is not abundant as aqueous species at slightly acidic pH. Values lower than pH 4 are necessary to mobilize Pb in
higher amounts, as pHstat experiments confirm. Hence, Pb is not expected to be leached out until the buffer capacity of the soil is exhausted.
Conclusions The environmental fate and behavior of Zn and Pb in the flotation dump is strongly depending on pH and redox conditions. Oxidation
of sphalerite leads to a transfer of Zn from immobile to easily mobilizable species. Sulfide oxidation leads to an acidification
of the topsoil where the buffer capacity is already exhausted due to the leaching of carbonates. At acidic pH, Zn is transferred
to the aqueous phase and leached to the subsoil where soil pH is neutral. Electron supply and the buffer capacity of the material
are found to be the main factors controlling the mobility of Zn. In contrast, the transfer of comparable amounts of Pb to
the aqueous phase requires pH values <4. Since Pb is enriched in the topsoil, not leaching to the groundwater, but direct
uptake (e.g., children, animals) and uptake by plants is the highest environmental risk. If the acidification of the soil
proceeds with the same rate as in the last 40 years, it will reach the bottom of the tailing in about 200 years and a breakthrough
of metals to the groundwater has to be expected.
Recommendations and perspectives The behavior of the different metals and their environmental impact depends on the different metal properties as well as on
external conditions, e.g. pH, redox conditions, buffer capacity, and groundwater recharge. To assess the future release of
metals from a flotation dump it is crucial to determine the main processes leading to acidification, the buffer capacity,
and heavy metal binding forms. The release of heavy metals to the groundwater could be prevented by liming or other buffering
techniques de Andrade et al. (J Soils Sediments 8:123–129, 2008).
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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草地蝗虫吸捕机的发展及新式吸嘴的设计 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
草地蝗虫吸捕机采用直吸式吸嘴,吸捕率低。在对原直吸式吸嘴、特别是在对吹吸气流进行理论分析的基础上,结合蝗虫在吸捕时的跳跃躲避特性以及对蝗虫悬浮速度的试验测定,设计了吹吸式吸嘴。并对吹吸式吸嘴与直吸式吸嘴进行了对比试验。结果表明:吹吸式吸嘴可将吸口气流速度从原来直吸的20 m/s降低为14 m/s,可减轻后续设备的负荷;与具有相同吸口气流速度的直吸式吸嘴相比,吸吸式吸嘴轴向、径向吸捕距离分别延长0.5~1倍,负压吸捕区增大1~2倍,能够对更大范围的蝗虫进行有效吸捕,提高吸捕率。 相似文献
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水稻芽种窝眼窄缝式气吸滚筒排种器流场模拟与试验 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
利用Fluent软件,采用三维、不可压、黏性、RNG湍流模型和SIMPLE数值计算方法,对不同窝眼的气〖JP2〗吸滚筒流场进行模拟。模拟结果表明：滚筒在相对压力-4kPa、生产率350盘/h、窝眼行距23mm和孔间距31.4mm〖JP〗时,滚筒内部压力分布均匀,速度稳定,能量损失主要集中在窄缝和出口附近,窝眼窄缝间气流相互影响甚微,说明窝眼在滚筒轴向和周向上分布合理。通过对比不同窝眼滚筒的平均湍动能、窄缝出口的平均压力和最大速度差可知,半球型滚筒窝眼更为合适。试验结果表明：半球型窝眼的播种合格率最高,达85.34%,与模拟结果一致。 相似文献
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明确吸虫塔对作物蚜虫防控的指导意义,阐明河南省洛阳地区有翅蚜和中华通草蛉(成虫)的种群动态,为蚜虫防控提供预警信息。2016-2018年通过吸虫塔监测对洛阳地区有翅蚜及中华通草蛉动态开展调查。洛阳地区吸虫塔全年采集有翅蚜量为1.88万～2.43万头,具有2～4个高峰,主要高峰期持续时间约50 d,从4月中旬开始,到6月上旬结束。周有翅蚜量达400头预示着有翅蚜高峰期的到来,高峰期有翅蚜量可占年有翅蚜量的80%以上。吸虫塔全年采集中华通草蛉量约为1.38～1.64千头,具有3-5个高峰,主要高峰期持续约3周,从5月中旬开始,到6月上旬结束。中华通草蛉量过40头预示着中华通草蛉高峰期的到来,高峰期中华通草蛉量可占年中华通草蛉量的55%以上。结果显示,不同年份间有翅蚜和中华通草蛉的高峰期发生时间和发生量均存在着差异,其中,2017、2018年两者高峰期有交集,中华通草蛉高峰期滞后有翅蚜高峰期约3-4周左右。吸虫塔可以很好地反应有翅蚜和中华通草蛉的种群动态,可以进一步开展蚜虫和天敌发生高峰期及高峰点的预测,可为农作物蚜虫的防治提供预警信息。 相似文献