Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance     

P.N.C. Murphy  R.J. Stevens  P. Christie 《Soil Use and Management》2005,21(2):240-244

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.  相似文献   

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF DIFFUSE HEPATOCELLULAR DISORDERS IN DAIRY CATTLE     

Jezie A.  Acorda  DVM  Magr  Haruo  Yamada  DVM  DVSc  Seyed  Mehdi Ghamsari  DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1994,35(3):196-200

Ultrasonography of the liver was performed in 200 Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle using a 3.5 MHz transducer with a linear array electronic scanner. Liver samples were taken, processed and examined microscopically and the fat occupying rate was calculated. The hepatic ultrasonograms were evaluated according to the presence of bright pattern, dark pattern, deep attenuation, vascular blurring and blurring of edges. Of the 200 animals, 96 had a normal liver, 63 had hydropic degeneration of the liver, 37 had fatty infiltration of the liver, 3 had liver dystrophy and I had hepatic amyloidosis, diagnosed through histopathological examination. Amyloidosis was characterized by bright pattern and blurring of edges. Liver dystrophy had higher percentages of bright pattern and blurring of edges than normal liver. Hydropic degeneration had higher percentages of dark pattern and blurring of edges than normal liver. Fatty infiltration had higher percentages of bright pattern, deep attenuation, vascular blurring and blurring of edges than normal liver. The present results suggest that different ultrasonographic patterns can be observed in various diffuse hepatocellular disorders in dairy cattle  相似文献   

基于SWAT模型的大安市降水入渗量变化的模拟研究     

马海燕  刘洪超  孙晓庆 《吉林农业大学学报》2016,(3)

针对近年的研究热点,通过SWAT模型对半干旱、盐碱化严重的吉林省大安市进行降水入渗模拟。以2000、2004和2008年遥感影像解译得到的土地利用数据为基础,结合SWAT模型的模拟结果,讨论LUCC与降水入渗量的相关关系。2008年与2000年相比,难利用地的面积有所降低,旱地、草地等发生了大面积的增加,研究区内土地状况有所好转。通过SWAT模型运行得到的结果显示:2008年的平均降水入渗量为56.27 mm,比2000年的值高。利用降水入渗系数法进行计算,也得到了2008年的降水入渗量高于2000年的结果,这与SWAT模型模拟得到的结果有着相同的趋势,且平均降水入渗量的标准偏差为5.27,说明SWAT模型对于研究区有良好的适应性。同时,根据土地利用数据和SWAT模型模拟数据可以得知,LUCC对研究区的降水入渗量存在着一定的相关性。  相似文献   

The Study of the Micrcostructure and Properties of Iron-baswd Metal and Ceramic Compcoite Material     

shi Gongqi  Ding Peidao  Tang Jianxing 《保鲜与加工》1995,(4):55-60

  相似文献   

保护地蔬菜栽培不同灌水方法对表层土壤盐分含量的影响   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

张玉龙  张继宁  张恒明  杨丽娟 《灌溉排水学报》2003,22(1):41-44

通过 3年连续保护地栽培蔬菜小区试验 ,对滴灌、渗灌、沟灌 3种灌水方法的土壤盐分积累状况进行了比较研究。试验后 0～ 2 0 cm土层土壤全盐含量以沟灌最高 ,渗灌次之 ,滴灌最低 ;滴灌土壤 p H下降幅度明显低于渗灌和沟灌土壤。在 0～ 2 0 cm土层内全盐含量呈幂指数形式分布 ,即地表处含量最高 ,随深度增加逐渐下降 ;而土壤 p H则随深度增加而直线上升。另外 ,土壤中可溶性盐的阴离以 NO-3 为主 ,阳离子以 Ca2 + 为主。这说明选择合理灌水方法 ,是防止土壤退化、提高保护地作物产量和质量的有效途径。  相似文献   

应用水量平衡法确定波涌灌溉下土壤入渗参数     

刘群昌  许迪  李益农  谢崇宝  黄斌 《灌溉排水学报》2001,20(2):8-12

基于田间实测的地表水流推进过程 ,利用水量平衡法推求波涌灌溉间歇供水条件下的土壤入渗参数。在此基础上 ,利用地面灌溉模型模拟田间水流推进过程并与实测值作对比后发现 ,与单点入渗测试方法相比较 ,该法不仅具有较高的参数估值精度 ,还具备田间试验工作量相对较小、应用简便等特点 ,具有较好的实用价值。  相似文献   

Infiltration in surface irrigated swelling soils     

P. M. Waller  W. W. Wallender 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1991,5(3):249-266

Infiltration characteristics for border strip irrigation at two sites with swelling clay soils were examined. Volume infiltrated was calculated from flow onto the field monitored with flow meters; depth of water in the soil estimated from soil samples taken before and after irrigation; and the advance profile which was used to calculate the volume infiltrated with time. Volume infiltrated was compared with volume of cracks before irrigation.Linear advance and observed crack closing supported the hypothesis that infiltration approached zero after about 10 min. Volume of cracks was less than 20% of the volume infiltrated. Wetting front was 3–10 times greater than depth of observed surface cracks. There was no significant correlation between intake opportunity time and depth of infiltration, but elevation irregularities were related to infiltration.  相似文献   

沿渡河流域分布式水文模型的构建     

张金存  芮孝芳  宫兴龙  石朋 《中国农村水利水电》2007,(12):13-16

按照综合分布式概念性水文模型和分布式水文物理模型长处的建模思路，应用改进的格林-安普特下渗理论和地貌水文学的水滴运动理论，建立了一个具有物理基础的松散结构分布式流域水文模型。模型的产流方法融合了邓恩产流理论和霍顿超渗产流理论，考虑土壤水分剖面、土壤各向异性和地形坡度等对流域产流的影响；模型的汇流方法利用地貌水文学理论，寻求水文过程与流域地形地貌的相互作用及定量关系，以确定模型参数，其优势在于可以考虑净雨空间分布不均和流速空间分不均对流域汇流的影响问题。以湿润地区典型流域沿渡河为对象进行水文模拟应用研究，结果良好,说明模型较为可靠。  相似文献   

带状砂沟模式下土壤入渗过程模拟研究     

范严伟  梁金宇 《水土保持通报》2024,44(2):22-31

[目的] 探究土壤质地类型和砂沟结构参数对土壤入渗过程的影响,为砂沟集雨工程设计、运行和管理提供科学依据。 [方法] 基于HYDRUS-2D/3D软件,建立带状砂沟模式下土壤水分运动数学模型,利用室内试验验证模拟带状砂沟模式下土壤入渗过程的可靠性。在此基础上,模拟分析不同影响因素下带状砂沟模式下土壤累积入渗量和湿润锋运移变化过程。 [结果] 模拟结果与实测数据无显著性差异且一致性良好,表明所建模型及其求解方法能够有效获取带状砂沟模式下不同时刻土壤累积入渗量和湿润锋运移距离数值;均质土壤填充带状砂沟存在明显的增渗效应。原土质地、砂沟距、砂沟宽和砂沟深均对增渗率有较大影响,增渗率随原土饱和导水率和砂沟距的增大而减小,随砂沟宽和砂沟深的增大而增大;土壤湿润锋轮廓呈下低上高的U形,随时间的延长,U形侧边湿润锋逐渐靠近砂沟交汇面,顶部平台逐渐消失;原土质地对湿润锋运移距离影响较大,湿润体随原土饱和导水率的增大而增大;砂沟深对湿润锋的形态和分布影响较大,随砂沟深度的增大,U字体型垂向拉伸,左侧湿润深度显著增大,右侧湿润深度变化微弱;砂土质地、砂沟距和砂沟宽对湿润锋运移距离影响较小。[结论] 带状砂沟土体构型能够显著提高土壤入渗能力,土壤质地类型和砂沟结构参数对土壤累积入渗量和湿润锋运移距离均有不同程度影响。  相似文献   

自然降雨条件下干化土壤水分恢复试验     

张敬晓  汪星  许迪  蔡甲冰  吕望  唐燕  纳文娟 《农业工程学报》2021,37(4):159-166

土壤干燥化是制约黄土丘陵半干旱地区生态环境可持续发展的瓶颈问题,自然降雨是当地土壤水分补充的唯一来源。为探究自然降雨条件下干化土壤的水分恢复状况,在陕北米脂试验站构建野外10 m深大型地下土柱,2014—2019年间利用CS650-CR1000型土壤水分自动监测系统和BLJW-4小型气象观测站对土壤水分、气象状况进行连续定位观测,分别对次降雨、月降雨、年降雨条件下的干化土壤入渗恢复深度进行研究。结果表明:黄土区降雨分布的阶段性和年际不均衡性是直接影响深层干化土壤水分入渗的主导因素,年内降雨可以划分为3个阶段:降雨匮乏阶段(上年11—次年3月)、降雨过渡增加阶段(4—6月)、降雨丰沛阶段(7—10月)。试验期间,能够促进深层干化土壤水分恢复的有效降雨(入渗深度大于50 cm)发生次数为56次,有效降雨量1 455.20 mm,分别为6a总降雨次数和总降雨量的16.23%、64.68%。月尺度、年尺度条件下,逐月、逐年降雨入渗深度均随降雨量增加呈二次函数增大变化,累积降雨入渗深度则随时间延续持续增大,对深层干化土壤水分恢复起决定作用。至2018年12月,累积降雨入渗深度达到1 000cm。以农地土壤水分为标准,2014—2019年自然降雨条件下干化土壤完全恢复深度分别为140、180、300、600、700、700cm,完全恢复程度依次可达14%、18%、30%、60%、70%、70%。研究结果对于探讨半干旱黄土区在自然降雨条件下林地深层干化土壤水分恢复规律,制定合理措施促进干化土壤水分恢复,以及深入干化土壤水文循环机理研究具有重要意义。  相似文献