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A long-range transport model for East Asia was developed to estimate the wet deposition of sulfate. The model is a trajectory type which is appropriate for long-term analysis. Trajectories of air masses are calculated by tracing the wind field which changes spatially and temporally. The processes of reactions, rainout removal, intake of sulfate in cloud water into rain water, and dry and wet depositions are considered. It is possible to calculate the concentration of sulfate in precipitation at a receptor by performing material balance in a grid box containing the receptor.The results obtained by the long-range transport model were evaluated through comparison with observation data of acidic deposition. The observation was conducted at 21 stations throughout Japan for one year. The calculated amount of wet deposition of sulfate in Japan was 0.22Tg/y in S equivalent, while the observed amount was 0.29Tg/y. The long-range transport model can predict almost 80% of observed wet deposition. The contributions of domestic anthropogenic sources and volcanic eruption to wet deposition of sulfate in Japan were estimated using the longrange transport model. The ratio of the deposition of sulfate due to Japanese anthropogenic sources to that due to the Asian continental sources was about 1 to 2. Since air stream from the direction of the Asian continent dominates during winter, the contribution of Japan to wet deposition in the region which faces the Sea of Japan amounted to less than 15%. The contribution of the sulfur oxides from volcanoes was about 20%. 相似文献
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IntroductionTheoccurrenceofAsianduststorms(ADS)iscommonduringthemonthsoflatewinterandspringinEastAsia.Underfavorablesynopticconditions,significantamountsoftheAsiandustmaybetransportedtoTaiwan(Chen&Chen1987).Inrecentyears,ADSoverTaiwanreceivedsubstantialattentionbecauseoftheirimpactontheairquality.Besideshigherconcentrationsofmineralelements,highlevelsofanthropogenicspeciessuchassulfateandnitratehavebeenobservedintheoutflowfromtheAsiancontinent(Clarkeetal.2001).Thus,inthiswork,theinfluen… 相似文献
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利用Ta PL3模型模拟洋河流域16种PAHs通过大气和水体的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov),比较不同单体PAHs的特征迁移距离(CTD)和Pov的大小,探讨它们之间的关系,并以Ba P为例对模型的关键参数进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明:排放到大气中的PAHs的特征迁移距离(CTDair)在13 km(DBA)~712 km(Flu)之间,总持久性(Pov-air)在0.33 d(Acy)~907 d(Ba P)之间,土壤相是大气中PAHs的主要归宿,约占60%;排放到水体中的CTDwater在111 km(Flu)~2512 km(Pyr)之间,Pov-water在4.5 d(Nap)~3293 d(Bghi P)之间,沉积物相是水体中PAHs的主要归宿,占4%。风速和土壤PAHs的半衰期是影响大气中PAHs的CTD和Pov的主要参数,水体流速和辛醇-水分配系数是影响水体中PAHs的CTD和Pov的主要参数。洋河流域的PAHs具有远距离迁移的潜力,可对北京的生态环境产生威胁,建议流域相关企业采取PAHs污染减排措施以防治PAHs区域环境污染及其对首都生态环境和健康的潜在危害。 相似文献
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由于高温高压的极端条件实验室很难实现,因此应用分子动力学方法模拟计算水在高温高压下的粘度成为一种重要的手段。模拟实验基于分子动力学方法,针对水分子的特殊结构,引入Ewald法求长程作用力和四元素法,采用等温等压条件,最终模拟得到不同温度、压强下水的粘度并与实验值进行比较分析。 相似文献
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