Aggregate-related changes in network patterns of nematodes and ammonia oxidizers in an acidic soil     

《Soil biology & biochemistry》2015

Nitrification plays a central role in global nitrogen cycle, which is affected by biological interaction between soil microfauna and microorganisms. However, the complexity of soil biotic communities made it difficult to reveal organizational principles of the community and the interactions among species. Here, we used the network analysis to decipher the interactions between nematodes and ammonia oxidizers within aggregate fractions under 10-year manure application, and examine their associations with soil variables and potential nitrification activity (PNA). Three aggregate fractions included large macroaggregates (>2000 μm, LA), small macroaggregates (250–2000 μm, SA), and inter-aggregate soil and space (<250 μm, IA). Aggregate factions showed a remarkable effect on association networks of nematodes and ammonia oxidizers. The average connectivity (avgK) and the number of edges in overall networks increased with increasing aggregate sizes, while the average geodesic distance (GD) followed the opposite trend. The LA network could be viewed as a better organized or a better operational soil food web with more functional interrelated members than the SA and IA networks. The modules related to PNA were significantly correlated and clustered together as meta-modules in networks of aggregate fractions. The role-shifts prevailed among the network members such as significant module memberships (MMs) and generalist/specialist operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A half of shared nodes were further identified as shared MMs, dominated by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) especially for Nitrosospira cluster 3a and 10. Soil pH could explain partly the shift of module hubs in different networks, while grazing by bacterivores might account for three exclusively connecters related to Nitrososphaera clusters 1.1. The strongly coupled modules correlated positively to pH and total carbon (TC), regardless of aggregate fractions. The network analysis approach provided new insights into potential importance of network interactions between nematodes and ammonia oxidizers in soil nitrogen cycling.  相似文献   

汽车搭铁线电路故障的诊断与处理     

马登良  党军建 《农业装备与车辆工程》2007,(5):57-59

汽车上将蓄电池负极与车身的金属部分相连接的导线通常称为搭铁线。搭铁线虽小，在汽车电路中却起着重要的作用。着重介绍了汽车搭铁线的类型、作用、故障诊断，为正确检修提供参考。  相似文献   

激光诱导击穿原子光谱在土壤分析中的应用     

马菲  周健民  杜昌文 《土壤学报》2022,59(3):642-653

土壤分析是土壤学研究及应用的前提和基础,传统化学土壤分析方法逐渐不能适应现代土壤学海量信息数据快速获取的需求。激光诱导击穿光谱作为一种全新的、反映土壤组成元素原子信息的光谱技术,其无需对样品进行复杂前处理,可实现原位、快速、多元素连续在线检测,每条光谱记录土壤样本独一无二的特征,可以视为土壤“指纹”,成为现代土壤分析的有效技术之一。首先介绍和分析了激光诱导击穿原子光谱的原理、光谱获取的主要影响因素、光谱数据处理的化学计量学方法等;然后阐述和梳理了基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术在土壤分析方面的应用成果和进展,包括土壤鉴定、土壤养分评估、土壤重金属测定、微观/介观尺度土壤原位表征等;最后讨论和总结了激光诱导击穿光谱技术在土壤分析中所面临的挑战及其应用展望。  相似文献   

增减施有机肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体稳定性及胶结物的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

廖超林  黎丽娜  谢丽华  孙钰翔  邹炎  戴齐  尹力初 《土壤学报》2021,58(4)

利用具有35a的长期定位试验,在保证原定位试验继续正常开展的前提下,将原化肥处理改施有机肥,原有机肥处理改施化肥或增施有机肥,分析增减施有机肥后耕层土壤团聚体稳定性总有机碳(TOC)及其组分和铁铝氧化物的变化与作用关系,探究胶结物对红壤性水稻土团聚体稳定性变化的影响。结果表明:化肥(CF)及常量有机肥(NOM)处理增施有机肥后,团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)变化不明显,易氧化有机碳(EOC)分别升高87.44%和20.53%;高量有机肥(HOM)及NOM处理减施有机肥后,MWD分别显著降低8.39%和6.80%,高改化(H-C)处理的TOC、轻组有机碳(LFOC)及粗颗粒态有机碳(cPOC)含量显著降低,而常改化(N-C)处理的TOC及其组分变化不明显。无论增施还是减施有机肥,铁铝氧化物含量的变化规律不明显。相关及结构方程模型分析表明,大于0.25mm团聚体含量是影响团聚体稳定性的唯一直接影响因素;影响MWD及大于0.25mm团聚体含量的效应系数由大到小依次为:易氧化有机碳、轻组有机碳、游离氧化铁、络合态铁。因此,大于0.25mm大团聚体在红壤性水稻土的团聚体稳定性中发挥主导作用,有机碳活性组分对大团聚体的形成与破坏具有重要影响。  相似文献   

Desiccation and cracking behaviour of clay layer from slurry state under wetting-drying cycles   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Chao-Sheng Tang  Yu-Jun Cui 《Geoderma》2011,166(1):111-118

Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of wetting-drying (W-D) cycles on the initiation and evolution of cracks in clay layer. Four identical slurry specimens were prepared and subjected to five subsequent W-D cycles. The water evaporation, surface cracks evolution and structure evolution during the W-D cycles were monitored. The effect of W-D cycles on the geometric characteristics of crack patterns was analyzed by image processing. The results show that the desiccation and cracking behaviour was significantly affected by the applied W-D cycles: the measured cracking water content θ_c, surface crack ratio R_sc and final thickness h_f of the specimen increased significantly in the first three W-D cycles and then tended to reach equilibrium; the formed crack patterns after the second W-D cycle were more irregular than that after the first W-D cycle; the increase of surface cracks was accompanied by the decrease of pore volume shrinkage during drying. In addition, it was found that the applied W-D cycles resulted in significant rearrangement of specimen structure: the initially homogeneous and non-aggregated structure was converted to a clear aggregated-structure with obvious inter-aggregate pores after the second W-D cycle; the specimen volume generally increased with increasing cycles due to the aggregation and increased porosity. The image analysis results show that the geometric characteristics of crack pattern were significantly influenced by the W-D cycles, but this influence was reduced after the third cycle. This is consistent with the observations over the experiment, and indicates that the image processing can be used for quantitatively analyzing the W-D cycle dependence of clay desiccation cracking behaviour.  相似文献   

Differential and successive effects of residue quality and soil mineral N on water-stable aggregation during crop residue decomposition     

C. Le Guillou  D.A. Angers  S. Menasseri-Aubry 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(9):1955-1960

Residue quality has been shown to influence soil water-stable aggregation (WSA) during crop residue decomposition, but there is still little information about its interactive effect with soil mineral N availability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil mineral N on WSA during the decomposition of two high-C/N crop residues (wheat straw with C/N = 125.6 and miscanthus straw with C/N = 311.3). The two crop residues were combined with three mineral N addition rates (0, 60, and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil). Respiration, soil mineral N content, and WSA (expressed as mean-weight diameter, MWD) were measured on several dates during a 56-d incubation. The effect of decomposing crop residues on WSA followed two phases. (i) Between 0 and 7 d, the increase in WSA was related to intrinsic residue quality with higher decomposability of the wheat straw resulting in higher WSA. (ii) Thereafter, and until the end of the experiment, mineral N addition rates had a predominant but negative influence on WSA. In this second phase, the average MWD of residue-treated soils was 0.92, 0.55, and 0.44 mm for the 0, 60 and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil addition rates, respectively. Mineral N addition which did result in higher crop residue decomposition did not lead to higher WSA. WSA during crop residue decomposition is therefore not simply positively related to the induced microbial activity, and changes in microbial community composition with differential effects on WSA must be involved. The impact of high-C/N crop residues inputs on WSA, initially assumed to be low, could actually be strong and long-lasting in situations with low soil mineral N content.  相似文献   

不同有机厩肥输入量对土壤团聚体有机碳组分的影响   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11  

刘中良  宇万太  周桦  马强 《土壤学报》2011,48(6):1149-1157

土壤是重要的有机碳库,其微小变化可能引起大气CO2浓度水平的较大变异。土壤团聚体对土壤有机碳具有物理保护作用。有机厩肥的输入既可以提高土壤有机碳含量,又可以促进土壤团聚体的形成,对土壤有机碳的截获和保持有重要意义。本实验采用湿筛的方法分离土壤团聚体,并对团聚体进行有机碳组分分离。通过对连续8年施加不同量有机厩肥试验的研究发现:适量的有机厩肥施用可以显著地提高土壤的平均质量直径(MWD),改善土壤结构;过量施用有机厩肥则明显降低了>2 000μm团聚体含量。潮棕壤有机碳主要分布在250～53μm和2 000～250μm团聚体中,两者相加约占有机碳全量的73.7%～78.5%。并且随着有机碳输入量的增加,土壤有机碳主要贮存在2 000～250μm团聚体中。有机厩肥的施加明显地加快了>2 000μm团聚体的更新速率。土壤轻组分有机碳含量也随有机厩肥输入量的增加而不断增加,高量有机厩肥下占全量的22.1%。土壤固定有机碳的能力有限,存在明显的等级饱和现象。因此,在有机质匮乏的土壤施用有机肥意义重大,应尽量减少向高有机质土壤输入有机碳。  相似文献   

激光诱导击穿光谱技术检测土壤中的铅和镉含量     

余克强  赵艳茹  刘飞  何勇 《农业工程学报》2016,32(15):197-203

为了满足土壤重金属快速准确检测的需求,同时为土壤的重金属污染防治和农业的可持续发展提供理论指导,该研究利用激光诱导击穿光谱(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS)技术结合定标曲线法和化学计量学方法对土壤中重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)元素进行定量分析。在获取LIBS数据之后,结合土壤LIBS发射谱线中Pb和Cd谱峰信息以及美国国家标准与技术研究院(national institute of standards and technology,NIST)的标准原子光谱数据库,选取了Pb和Cd的特征谱线分别为Pb I 405.78和Cd I 361.05 nm。首先对谱线信息进行预处理后,根据谱峰信息和元素的含量,分别建立了基于谱线峰强度、归一化后洛伦兹拟合强度、谱峰积分强度与对应元素浓度之间的关系模型和定标曲线。对于Pb元素的3种定标方法得到的线性关系的决定系数(R2)分别为0.983 85、0.970 97、0.993 21,且模型反演的结果与实际值的相对误差较小;而Cd元素的3种定标方法没有得到明显线性关系。然后运用偏最小二乘回归(partial least-squares regression,PLSR)建立了土壤Pb和Cd元素的定量分析模型,Pb元素PLSR模型的结果与定标曲线法的结果类似,其预测的相关系数(RP)为0.948 5,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为2.044 mg/g;而Cd元素的PLSR模型的结果比起定标曲线法有较大提升,其预测的相关系数(RP)为0.994 9,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为97.05μg/g,结果说明PLSR方法在光谱化学分析领域中比定标曲线法进行定量分析有更好的适用性。研究表明,LIBS技术能够实现对土壤重金属Pb和Cd含量的定量检测,为开发实时便携式LIBS土壤重金属检测仪提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

Transitioning from standard to minimum tillage: Trade-offs between soil organic matter stabilization, nitrous oxide emissions, and N availability in irrigated cropping systems     

Angela Y.Y. Kong  Steven J. Fonte  Chris van Kessel  Johan Six 《Soil & Tillage Research》2009,104(2):256-262

Few studies address nutrient cycling during the transition period (e.g., 1–4 years following conversion) from standard to some form of conservation tillage. This study compares the influence of minimum versus standard tillage on changes in soil nitrogen (N) stabilization, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, short-term N cycling, and crop N use efficiency 1 year after tillage conversion in conventional (i.e., synthetic fertilizer-N only), low-input (i.e., alternating annual synthetic fertilizer- and cover crop-N), and organic (i.e., manure- and cover crop-N) irrigated, maize–tomato systems in California. To understand the mechanisms governing N cycling in these systems, we traced ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer/cover crop into the maize grain, whole soil, and three soil fractions: macroaggregates (>250 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm) and silt-and-clay (<53 μm). We found a cropping system effect on soil N_new (i.e., N derived from ¹⁵N-fertilizer or -¹⁵N-cover crop), with 173 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the conventional system compared to 71.6 and 69.2 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the low-input and organic systems, respectively. In the conventional system, more N_new was found in the microaggregate and silt-and-clay fractions, whereas, the N_new of the organic and low-input systems resided mainly in the macroaggregates. Even though no effect of tillage was found on soil aggregation, the minimum tillage systems showed greater soil fraction-N_new than the standard tillage systems, suggesting greater potential for N stabilization under minimum tillage. Grain-N_new was also higher in the minimum versus standard tillage systems. Nevertheless, minimum tillage led to the greatest N₂O emissions (39.5 g N₂O–N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹) from the conventional cropping system, where N turnover was already the fastest among the cropping systems. In contrast, minimum tillage combined with the low-input system (which received the least N ha⁻¹) produced intermediate N₂O emissions, soil N stabilization, and crop N use efficiency. Although total soil N did not change after 1 year of conversion from standard to minimum tillage, our use of stable isotopes permitted the early detection of interactive effects between tillage regimes and cropping systems that determine the trade-offs among N stabilization, N₂O emissions, and N availability.  相似文献   

不同有机物料对连作大豆土壤养分及团聚体组成的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王笃超  吴景贵 《土壤学报》2018,55(4):825-834

为探究不同有机物料对连作大豆土壤养分和团聚体组成的影响,采用大田试验方法,研究了在连作7年条件下,腐熟鸡粪(JF)、玉米秸秆(JG)和木耳菌渣(JZ)三种不同类型有机物料对连作大豆土壤养分、产量、团聚体组成和稳定性的影响。结果表明:与CK相比有机物料能有效提高连作大豆土壤养分含量,显著影响土壤团聚体组成,0.25~2 mm粒级团聚体含量明显增加。畜禽粪便类的鸡粪(JF)对碱解氮的提高作用最明显,较CK提高13.85%;天然类的秸秆(JG)对速效磷含量提高作用显著,较CK提高4.13%;JF对提高速效钾含量效果最好,较CK提高8.97%;JG对提高有机质含量效果最好,较CK提高7.28%。半腐解类的菌渣(JZ)较CK相比土壤养分含量也有明显的提高,但不如JF和JG效果明显。有机物料能提高连作大豆产量,JF效果显著。所有有机物料对改善土壤团聚体组成,增加0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量效果均比较显著,对土壤水稳性团聚体平均重量直径以及土壤团聚体的稳定性指数有显著提高作用。  相似文献