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1.
基于对北亚热带檫木天然次生林的野外调查和数据分析,研究了海拔和坡向对檫木生长、空间结构和树种组成等方面的影响。结果表明:在海拔1 000 m以上山地,檫木的胸径和树高生长量及胸径/树高均差于海拔1 000 m以下的山地,人工林造林地选择宜在海拔1 000 m以下;随阳坡→半阳坡→半阴坡→阴坡坡位变化,檫木生长量和胸径/树高呈逐渐减小趋势。阳坡和半阳坡差异不显著,是理想的檫木造林坡向;檫木纯林或者混交林可以采用均匀造林模式。在海拔500 m以下阳坡,可以实现混交增产造林树种的混交伴生树种为杉木、香樟和枫香;在海拔500 m以下半阳坡,混交伴生树种为杉木、亮叶桦、枫香和枳椇;在海拔500~1 000 m的阳坡山地,混交伴生树种为甜槠、枫香和木荷;在海拔500~1 000 m的半阳坡山地,混交伴生树种为木荷、麻栎、杜英、枫香和紫茎。初步解决了北亚热带山地檫木分布区划分、空间结构变化及互利混交树种等问题,可以为檫木人工造林的林地选择、造林模式和混交伴生树种选取等方面提供理论依据。 相似文献
2.
There are few studies on flow fields generated by aerators in fish larvae rearing tanks. The flow varies with aeration rates and tank proportions resulting in different larvae survival rates. The effects of aeration rate and aspect ratio AR (the ratio of liquid depth to tank radius) on overall flow patterns were investigated experimentally using flow visualization techniques. Two distinct types of flow patterns, a single-pair vortex system and a two-pair vortex system, were observed as the value of tank aspect ratio varied from about 1.0 to 2.0. In addition, corner vortex structures were observed in both the region between the free surface and the upper sidewall, and between the bottom wall and the lower sidewall of the tank. On the sidewall, reattachment and separation points were found, which were closely related with these vortex structures. 相似文献
3.
大兴安岭不同坡向兴安落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为比较不同坡向兴安落叶松径向生长对于气候变暖响应是否存在差别,在内蒙古大兴安岭地区中部和南部采集不同坡向兴安落叶松年轮样品,建立年表。结果表明：中部地区南坡、南部地区南坡和北坡在近几十年里随着温度升高树木年轮宽度指数变化不大;中部地区北坡年轮宽度指数近几十年总体呈现显著上升趋势,但是在不同时间段内显示出不同的变化规律,1960—1980年树木年轮指数显著上升,年轮平均宽度指数增加3．57％,1980—2008年年轮宽度指数显著下降,年轮平均宽度指数减少0．89％。研究证实,大兴安岭中部地区南坡和北坡兴安落叶松径向生长规律存在差异,而大兴安岭南部地区南坡和北坡兴安落叶松径向生长规律相同。 相似文献
4.
The role of topographic factors in the invasion of hillslopes by Pteronia incana, an unpalatable shrub, was investigated. The study combined field observations with image analysis based on high-resolution infrared imagery. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 20 m spatial resolution was used to derive terrain parameters. The Topographic Wetness Index (WI), a component of the TOPMODEL, was derived from the DEM and its relationship with the spatial distribution of P. incana was explored. The absence/presence of P. incana was noted to be strongly influenced by slope angle and aspect. The probability for P. incana occurrence increased with slope steepness and southerly slope orientation. Abandoned and grazing lands were identified as the main invasion hotspots on hillslopes. The combined influence of slope gradient and aspect, and land use was noted to have promoted the invasion. This is borne out by the concentration of the invasion on abandoned steep slopes with a southerly orientation. 相似文献
5.
Many mountain forests in the Swiss Alps are dense and overmature. The resulting lack of tree regeneration threatens their future ability to provide products and services for humans, e.g., protecting settlements and infrastructure against avalanches. To promote natural regeneration, slit-shaped gaps have been cut since the 1980s in many of Switzerland's Alpine forests dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies). However, little is known about the success of this silvicultural technique. We sampled 38 gaps in 2001 and 2006 and analysed the density and vitality of P. abies seedlings in these gaps, and monitored the growth and survival of selected seedlings between the two inventories. The gaps analysed were located in upper montane and subalpine P. abies dominated forests in the Vorderrhein valley in the Grisons. The density and vitality of large (10–129 cm tall) and small (<10 cm tall) P. abies seedlings were assessed in three parallel transects running perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of each gap. The mean density of large seedlings increased significantly between 2001 and 2006 from 0.1 to 0.3 seedlings/m2, whereas that of small seedlings stayed constant at 0.7 seedlings/m2, even though it shifted locally between inventories. Significantly higher regeneration densities were found for gaps with NE–SW orientation (afternoon sun) and for those located at lower altitudes. While in gaps on North-facing slopes large P. abies seedlings were more frequent on the middle transect, in gaps on South-facing slopes they were denser near the lower gap edge which is usually less exposed to direct radiation. As expected regeneration density was significantly higher within the gaps than just outside underneath the adjacent stands for all P. abies seedlings. Damage caused by browsing did not turn out to be problematic in this study site. From the selected 280 small seedlings monitored in 2001, 53% died until 2006, 33% became large seedlings and 14% remained small (<10 cm). Our results suggest that creating slit-shaped gaps is a successful procedure to promote P. abies regeneration in the upper montane and subalpine belt of the northern intermediate Alps and helps to preserve protection forests and their goods and services for the coming generations. 相似文献
6.
The practice of harvesting forest residues is rapidly increasing due to rising demand for renewable energy. However, major concerns have been raised about the sustainability of this practice and its net impact on productivity, in particular through negative effects on the growth of subsequent tree crops. We measured height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree spacing density on 23-year-old second rotation stands of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), following whole tree harvesting (WTH—of all above ground biomass, by cable crane) or conventional stem-only harvesting (CH) of the first rotation crop. Overall, WTH reduced tree DBH by 10.3% (p = 0.017), with weaker evidence that it may have reduced height (by 8.2%, p = 0.164) and stand basal area (by 15.3%, p = 0.101). However, treatment effects differed greatly between individual blocks and, analysed separately by block, significant differences (WTH plot trees smaller than CH plot trees) were most notable in the two more exposed south-facing blocks (where, in both cases, p < 0.01 for height and p < 0.05 for basal area). Variation in productivity between the experimental plots cannot simply be attributed to preharvesting site environment – no correlation was found between first rotation and second rotation productivity – nor was treatment effect explained by differences in tree spacing density. Treatment effects can be attributed to the removal of three to four times larger quantities of N, P and K in the tree biomass by WTH than by CH of the first rotation crop, combined with greater competition with tree natural regeneration and other vegetation in WTH plots during the early stages of the second rotation. Soil moisture was higher in WTH plots but there was no evidence that WTH increased soil acidity or aluminium mobility nor that it decreased soil organic matter. The results also highlight the complexities of predicting the effect of harvesting treatment on future productivity, even within single-age, single-species forests. The study demonstrates the risk that WTH can reduce second rotation productivity of conifer forests in acidic upland sites, and that this practice will only be sustainable with appropriate interventions to overcome shortage of nutrients and high levels of vegetation competition. 相似文献
7.
T. Sariyildiz E. Akkuzu M. Küçük A. Duman Y. Aksu 《European Journal of Forest Research》2008,127(5):429-440
This study investigated the effects of Ips typographus (L.) damage on initial litter quality parameters and subsequent decomposition rates of oriental spruce tree species [Picea orientalis (L.) Link]. The needle litter was collected from highly damaged, moderately damaged and control stands on two aspects (north
and south) and two slope position (top and bottom) on each aspect. The litter was analyzed for initial total carbon, lignin
and nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese) concentrations. The variability in nitrogen
and calcium concentrations and ratios of C:N, lignin:N and lignin:Ca was significantly affected by the insect damaged levels.
While nitrogen concentrations in needle litter increased with increasing insect damage (and consequently the ratios of C:N
and lignin:N decreased), calcium concentrations decreased (and consequently the ratio of lignin:Ca increased). Aspect and
slope positions explained most of the variability in carbon, lignin, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and manganese concentrations
and lignin:P ratio between all studied stands. Litter decomposition was studied in the field using the litterbag technique.
The litter from highly damaged stands showed highest decomposition rates followed by moderately damaged and control stands.
The mass loss rates were significantly positively correlated with initial nitrogen concentration and negatively with C:N and
lignin:N ratios. The effects of microclimate resulting from canopy damage on litter decomposition was also examined at the
same time using standard litter with the same litter quality parameters, but they showed no significant differences among
the insect damage levels indicating that alteration of the litter quality parameters produced by I. typographus damage played a more important role than altered microclimate in controlling needle litter decomposition rates. However,
changes in microclimate factors due to topography influenced decomposition rates. 相似文献
8.
梁建初 《湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》1988,(3)
英语语法学家在70年代提出“时”、“体”分开的学说,主张“两时”(现在时、过去时)、“两体”(完成体,进行体)、作者认为除完成体、进行体外,还应有“一般体”以表示完成、重复、一般或具体的行为,作者对俄、英语体的表达范畴作了较详细的比较,论述了英语“一般体”的存在及其表达。 相似文献
9.
GIS技术在林地资源调查中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以江浦县为例，介绍了利用DEM数据借助于地理信息系统（ArcView）软件自动提取的坡度和坡向信息，并分别与本区的土地利用类型栅格图叠合分析，完成了本区的三类主要林地在不同坡度级和不同坡向的面积统计。 相似文献
10.
A simple method for estimating potential relative radiation (PRR) for landscape-scale vegetation analysis 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
Radiation is one of the primary influences on vegetation composition and spatial pattern. Topographic orientation is often used as a proxy for relative radiation load due to its effects on evaporative demand and local temperature. Common methods for incorporating this information (i.e., site measures of slope and aspect) fail to include daily or annual changes in solar orientation and shading effects from local topography. As a result, these static measures do not incorporate the level of spatial and temporal heterogeneity required to examine vegetation patterns at the landscape level. We developed a widely applicable method for estimating potential relative radiation (PRR) using digital elevation data and a widely used geographic information system (Arc/Info). We found significant differences among four increasingly comprehensive radiation proxies. Our GIS-based proxy compared well with estimates from more data-intensive and computationally rigorous radiation models. We note that several recent studies have not found strong correlations between vegetation pattern and landscape-scale differences in radiation. We suggest that these findings may be due to the use of proxies that were not accurately capturing variability in radiation, and we recommend PRR or similar measures for use in future vegetation analyses. 相似文献