Scale of heterogeneity of forage production and winter foraging by elk and bison     

L. L. Wallace  M. G. Turner  W. H. Romme  R. V. O'Neill  Yegang Wu 《Landscape Ecology》1995,10(2):75-83

The relationship between fine-scale spatial patterns of forage abundance and the feeding patterns of large ungulates is not well known. We compared these patterns for areas grazed in winter by elk and bison in a sagebrush-grassland landscape in northern Yellowstone National Park. At a fine scale, the spatial distribution of mapped feeding stations in 30 m × 30 m sites was found to be random where there were no large patches devoid of vegetation. In areas similar to the mapped sites, the underlying spatial distribution pattern of biomass was also determined to be random. At a broad scale, forage biomass differed among communities across the northern range but forage quality did not. These results suggest that ungulates are feeding randomly within forage patches (fine scale) but may select feeding sites based upon forage abundance at broader, landscape scales. Contrary to what has been suggested in other systems, ungulates were not overmatching at finer scales.  相似文献   

Association between porpoise presence and fish choruses: implications for feeding strategies and ecosystem-based conservation of the East Asian finless porpoise     

Zhaolong CHENG  Yongtao LI  Matthew Keith PINE  Tao ZUO  Mingxiang NIU  Jun WANG 《Integrative zoology》2023,18(1):169-182

The associations between feeding activities and environmental variables inform animal feeding tactics that maximize energetic gains by minimizing energy costs while maximizing feeding success. Relevant studies in aquatic animals, particularly marine mammals, are scarce due to difficulties in the observation of feeding behaviors in aquatic environments. This data scarcity concurrently hinders ecosystem-based fishery management in the context of small toothed-cetacean conservation. In the present study, a passive acoustic monitoring station was deployed in an East Asian finless porpoise habitat in Laizhou Bay to investigate potential relationships between East Asian finless porpoises and their prey. The data revealed that porpoises were acoustically present nearly every day during the survey period. Porpoise detection rates differed between spring and autumn in concert with activities of fish choruses. During spring, fish choruses were present throughout the afternoon, and this was the time when porpoise vocalizations were the most frequently detected. During autumn, when fish choruses were absent, porpoise detection rates decreased, and diurnal patterns were not detected. The close association between fish choruses and finless porpoise activities implies an “eavesdropping” feeding strategy to maximize energetic gains, similar to other toothed cetaceans that are known to engage similar feeding strategies. Underwater noise pollution, particularly those masking fish choruses, could interrupt finless porpoises’ feeding success. Fisheries competing soniferous fishes with finless porpoise could impact finless porpoise viability through ecosystem disruption, in addition to fishing gear entanglement.  相似文献   

酶解油菜蜂花粉抑制超氧阴离子自由基的研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

孙丽萍朱晓丽  张智武董捷 《中国农学通报》2007,23(9):144-148

【研究目的】探讨油菜蜂花粉中水溶性有效组分的抗氧化能力及其在黄嘌呤氧化酶体系中抑制O2-.的机理。【方法】采用酶解技术和膜分离技术提取分离油菜蜂花粉中水溶性抗氧化有效组分,用黄嘌呤氧化酶体系测定酶解物的不同相对分子质量级分淬灭超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)的能力。【结果】实验结果表明,经酶解和超滤后得到的相对分子质量大于1000的组分抑制O2-.的效果非常显著【结论】酶解和膜分离技术是提高花粉抗氧化功效成分含量的有效途径。  相似文献   

梯田埂坎植物根系营养空间及伸展模式初步研究   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

张宇清  齐实  文妙霞 《中国水土保持科学》2003,1(3):31-36

 采用三维坐标挖掘法对宁夏南部山区梯田埂坎上较为常见的几种植物根系分布进行了调查,并对根系的伸展模式进行了分类。结果表明:红柳、苜蓿、柠条的根系分布较深,表现出垂直根型的特点;杞柳、杨树表现出了较强的趋水肥的特点;几种植物都表现出不同程度的生态可塑性。阳坡密植的红柳、靠近埂坎下部栽植的柠条、苜蓿、树龄5年以下的杞柳、大地埂中部的杨树根系伸展模式比较符合农林复合系统的要求。建议红柳采用密植的方法栽植于阳坡,阴坡栽植杞柳,但随树龄的变化应适当调整株距;杨树不宜作为埂坎造林的树种,适当发展苜蓿。  相似文献   

Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Decrease Foraging But Not Recruitment After Neonicotinoid Exposure     

Bradley D Ohlinger  Roger Schürch  Sharif Durzi  Parry M Kietzman  Mary R Silliman  Margaret J Couvillon 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2022,22(1)

Honey bees (Linnaeus, Hymenoptera: Apidae) are widely used as commercial pollinators and commonly forage in agricultural and urban landscapes containing neonicotinoid-treated plants. Previous research has demonstrated that honey bees display adverse behavioral and cognitive effects after treatment with sublethal doses of neonicotinoids. In laboratory studies, honey bees simultaneously increase their proportional intake of neonicotinoid-treated solutions and decrease their total solution consumption to some concentrations of certain neonicotinoids. These findings suggest that neonicotinoids might elicit a suboptimal response in honey bees, in which they forage preferentially on foods containing pesticides, effectively increasing their exposure, while also decreasing their total food intake; however, behavioral responses in semifield and field conditions are less understood. Here we conducted a feeder experiment with freely flying bees to determine the effects of a sublethal, field-realistic concentration of imidacloprid (IMD) on the foraging and recruitment behaviors of honey bees visiting either a control feeder containing a sucrose solution or a treatment feeder containing the same sucrose solution with IMD. We report that IMD-treated honey bees foraged less frequently (–28%) and persistently (–66%) than control foragers. Recruitment behaviors (dance frequency and dance propensity) also decreased with IMD, but nonsignificantly. Our results suggest that neonicotinoids inhibit honey bee foraging, which could potentially decrease food intake and adversely affect colony health.  相似文献   

Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests     

Antonino Cusumano  Jeffrey A Harvey  Mitchel E Bourne  Erik H Poelman  Jetske G de Boer 《Pest management science》2020,76(2):432-443

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

胡蜂与蜜蜂的防御行为研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

谭垦  余玉生  刘意秋  周丹银  和绍禹 《云南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2004,19(5):584-588

 在19.4℃气温条件下,选择东方蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂各3群进行蜜蜂激怒时的结团温度的试验研究,刺激物分别为半导体点温仪器的铜线头和活体胡蜂,在蜂群内放入刺激物后每隔15 s做一次温度记录。结果发现,在东方蜜蜂群内,蜂群对两种刺激物的结团蜜蜂数在25～32只之间;温度在210 s左右的时间内分别达到44.6 ℃和45.0 ℃,其中,刺激物为铜线头的结团温度最高可以达到45.0 ℃, 而刺激物为活体胡蜂的结团温度最高可以达到45.6 ℃;在西方蜜蜂群内,蜂群对两种刺激物的结团蜜蜂数在18～26只之间;蜂群对两种刺激物的结团温度在210 s左右的时间内分别达到42.2 ℃和 44.1 ℃,其中刺激物为铜线头的结团温度最高可以达到42.7 ℃,而刺激物为活体胡蜂的结团温度最高可以达到44.4 ℃.在恒温箱的耐温试验里,20 min内,黑盾胡蜂的最高耐温极限温度为46 ℃,而东方蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂的最高耐温极限温度却分别为51 ℃和52 ℃.另外, 选择云南高原温带型东方蜜蜂和云南低海拔热带型东方蜜蜂各2群,在蜂箱门口用活体黑盾胡蜂（Vespa velutina）干扰蜜蜂采集活动,干扰的时间分别为3 min,6 min和12 min. 每 min为一计数单位,记录蜜蜂采集蜂飞出的数量。结果发现:蜜蜂采集蜂飞出的数量随干扰时间的增加而明显下降,干扰的时间越长,蜜蜂采集蜂恢复到正常数量的时间就越长;高原温带型东方蜜蜂和低海拔热带型东方蜜蜂在胡蜂干扰时的在数量变化有着明显的差异,后者对胡蜂的干扰比前者更为敏感(P<0.05）。  相似文献   

甘蓝植株挥发物对小菜蛾及半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索行为的影响     

李欣  白素芬 《河南农业大学学报》2004,38(2):203-206

研究了不同处理甘蓝植株释放的挥发物在小菜蛾及其寄生蜂半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索行为中的作用．结果表明,机械损伤植株、虫损伤植株、虫一菜复合体植株释放的挥发物比完整植株释放的挥发物对小菜蛾和半闭弯尾姬蜂具有较强的引诱力,且以虫一菜复合体植株释放的挥发物引诱力最强．表明甘蓝受机械损伤或虫害后的挥发物对小菜蛾和半闭弯尾姬蜂起着重要的诱导作用．  相似文献   

饲粮中添加蜂花粉对猪肉系水力的影响     

王启发  王中才 《安徽农业科学》2009,37(35):17516-17517

[目的]研究饲粮中添加不同比例的蜂花粉对杜×长×大生长肥育猪猪肉系水力的影响,以期找到最佳的添加比例。[方法]选取80头体重10kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交猪为试验动物,随机分成5组,试验期为120d。整个试验期不换料。猪只自由取食和饮水,宰前24h禁食不禁水。使用玉米一豆粕型基础饲粮,第1组为不添加蜂花粉的对照组,第2、3、4和5组分别为添加1％、3％、5％和7％蜂花粉的试验组。屠宰后取眼肌,分别采用快速滤纸法、滴水损失法、烹饪损失法和拿破率测定法测定其系水力。[结果]随着蜂花粉添加比例的增加,猪肉系水力呈现先优后劣的变化趋势。其中,饲粮中添加5％的蜂花粉能够显著降低猪肉的滴水损失和系水力（P〈0．05）,而对烹饪损失和拿破率的影响不显著。[结论]饲粮中添加蜂花粉可有效改善杜×长×大生长肥育猪肉系水力,其添加比例以饲粮总量的5％为宜。  相似文献   

Flow-field observations of a tidally driven island wake used by marine mammals in the Bay of Fundy, Canada     

D. W. JOHNSTON  A. J. READ 《Fisheries Oceanography》2007,16(5):422-435

Correlations between fine‐scale oceanographic features and aggregations of marine mammals are frequently reported, but the physical forces shaping these relationships are rarely explored. We conducted a series of oceanographic observations and remote sensing surveys of an oceanographic feature near Grand Manan Island known to attract marine mammals on flood tides. We tracked drift drogues from cliff‐top with a theodolite and conducted box‐type surveys with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) to assess flow patterns within the oceanographic feature. The feature was also visualized with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scenes. Drift drogues were advected towards a shear line originating near the northern tip of the island and entrained in one or more eddies downstream. ADCP surveys confirmed the presence of the shear line between rapid easterly flow and slower return flow. As the tide progressed, the shear line extended and manifested a single anti‐cyclonic eddy at its distal end. As the flood tide progressed, northerly flow along the eastern shore of the island intensified and deflected the shear line northwards, shedding the eddy at slack high water. SAR images confirmed the presence of the shearline and eddy system, illustrating the evolution of a wake behind the island on flood tides. Profiles of flow direction and acoustic backscatter revealed secondary flows within the wake consistent with models and observations of other wakes. Oceanographic and remote sensing observations confirm that an island wake is generated by tidal flow past Grand Manan Island and provide an ecological context for the predictable aggregations of odontocete and mysticete cetaceans observed foraging within this region.  相似文献