Integrated disease management of ascochyta blight in pulse crops     

Jennifer Anne Davidson  Rohan B. E. Kimber 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):99-110

Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by decades of research, use a combination of disease-free seed, destruction or avoidance of inoculum sources, manipulation of sowing dates, seed and foliar fungicides, and cultivars with improved resistance. An understanding of the pathosystems and the inter-relationship between host, pathogen and the environment is essential to be able to make correct decisions for disease control without compromising the agronomic or economic ideal. For individual pathosystems, some components of the integrated management principles may need to be given greater consideration than others. For instance, destruction of infested residue may be incompatible with no or minimum tillage practices, or rotation intervals may need to be extended in environments that slow the speed of residue decomposition. For ascochyta-susceptible chickpeas the use of disease-free seed, or seed treatments, is crucial as seed-borne infection is highly effective as primary inoculum and epidemics develop rapidly from foci in favourable conditions. Implemented fungicide strategies differ according to cultivar resistance and the control efficacy of fungicides, and the effectiveness of genetic resistance varies according to seasonal conditions. Studies are being undertaken to develop advanced decision support tools to assist growers in making more informed decisions regarding fungicide and agronomic practices for disease control.  相似文献   

Fusarium wilt of chickpea: physiological specialization, genetics of resistance and resistance gene tagging     

Kamal Dev Sharma  Fred J. Muehlbauer 《Euphytica》2007,157(1-2):1-14

Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the major yield limiting factors in chickpea. The disease causes 10–90% yield losses annually in chickpea. Eight physiological races of the pathogen (0, 1A, 1B/C, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) are reported so far whereas additional races are suspected from India. The distribution pattern of these races in different parts of the world indicates regional specificity for their occurrence leading to the perception that F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris evolved independently in different regions. Pathogen isolates also exhibit differences in disease symptoms. Races 0 and 1B/C cause yellowing syndrome whereas 1A, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 lead to wilting syndrome. Genetics of resistance to two races (1B/C and 6) is yet to be determined, however, for other races resistance is governed either by monogenes or oligogenes. The individual genes of oligogenic resistance mechanism delay onset of disease symptoms, a phenomenon called as late wilting. Slow wilting, i.e., slow development of disease after onset of disease symptoms also occurs in reaction to pathogen; however, its genetics are not known. Mapping of wilt resistance genes in chickpea is difficult because of minimal polymorphism; however, it has been facilitated to great extent by the development of sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers that have revealed significant interspecific and intraspecific polymorphism. Markers linked to six genes governing resistance to six races (0, 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of the pathogen have been identified and their position on chickpea linkage maps elucidated. These genes lie in two separate clusters on two different chickpea linkage groups. While the gene for resistance to race 0 is situated on LG 5 of Winter et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101:1155–1163, 2000) those governing resistance to races 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5 spanned a region of 8.2 cM on LG 2. The cluster of five resistance genes was further subdivided into two sub clusters of 2.8 cM and 2.0 cM, respectively. Map-based cloning can be used to isolate the six genes mapped so far; however, the region containing these genes needs additional markers to facilitate their isolation. Cloning of wilt resistance genes is desirable to study their evolution, mechanisms of resistance and their exploitation in wilt resistance breeding and wilt management.  相似文献   

Differential responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) — Rhizobium combinations to saline soil conditions     

A. K. Saxena  R. B. Rewari 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1992,13(1):31-34

Summary Chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) and their symbiosis with specific strains of Rhizobium spp. were examined under salt stress. The growth of rhizobia declined with NaCl concentrations increasing from 0.01 to 2% (w : v). Two Rhizobium spp. strains (F-75 and KG 31) tolerated 1.5% NaCl. Of the 10 chickpea cultivars examined, only three (Pusa 312, Pusa 212, and Pusa 240) germinated at 1.5% NaCl. The chickpea — Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was examined in the field, with soil varying in salinity from electrical conductivity (EC) 4.5 to EC 5.2 dSm^-1, to identify combinations giving satisfactory yields. Significant interactions between strains and cultivars caused differential yields of nodules, dry matter, and grain. Four chickpea — Rhizobium spp. combinations, Pusa 240 and F-75 (660 kg ha^-1), Pusa 240 and IC 76 (440 kg ha^-1), Pusa 240 and KG 31 (390 kg ha^-1), and Pusa 312 and KG 31 (380 kg ha^-1), produced significantly higher grain yields in saline soil.  相似文献   

RAPD and ISSR fingerprinting in cultivated chickpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer arietinum</Emphasis> L.) and its wild progenitor <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer reticulatum</Emphasis> Ladizinsky     

L. S. Rao  P. Usha Rani  P. S. Deshmukh  P. A. Kumar  S. K. Panguluri 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(6):1235-1244

Detection of genetic relationships between 19 chickpea cultivars and five accessions of its wild progenitor Cicer reticulatum Ladizinsky were investigated by using RAPD and ISSR markers. On an average, six bands per primer were observed in RAPD analysis and 11 bands per primer in ISSR analysis. In RAPD, the wild accessions shared 77.8% polymorphic bands with chickpea cultivars, whereas they shared 79.6% polymorphic bands in ISSR analysis. In RAPD analysis 51.7% and 50.5% polymorphic bands were observed among wild accessions and chickpea cultivars, respectively. Similarly, 65.63% and 56.25% polymorphic bands were found in ISSR analysis. The dendrogram developed by pooling the data of RAPD and ISSR analysis revealed that the wild accessions and the ICCV lines showed similar pattern with the dendrogram of RAPD analysis. The ISSR analysis clearly indicated that even with six polymorphic primers, reliable estimation of genetic diversity could be obtained, while nearly 30 primers are required for RAPD. Moreover, RAPD can cause genotyping errors due to competition in the amplification of all RAPD fragments. The markers generated by ISSR and RAPD assays can provide practical information for the management of genetic resources. For the selection of good parental material in breeding programs the genetic data produced through ISSR can be used to correlate with the relationship measures based on pedigree data and morphological traits to minimize the individual inaccuracies in chickpea.  相似文献   

超高压对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白起泡性能的影响     

刘坚  江波  李艳红  张涛  沐万孟 《安徽农业科学》2007,35(28):9012-9013

研究超高压(100~600 MPa)对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白起泡性能的影响。结果表明:在磷酸盐和Tris-HCl缓冲体系中,超高压处理均能显著提高鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的起泡能力。在磷酸盐缓冲体系和Tris-HCl缓冲体系pH范围内(pH值为6.0~8.0),升高处理压力(大于300MPa)和延长保压时间(大于5 min)都会使鹰嘴豆分离蛋白起泡能力显著提高。在起泡能力提高的同时,磷酸盐缓冲体系中CPI泡沫稳定性下降,而在Tris-HCl缓冲体系中泡沫稳定性提高。  相似文献   

Evaluation of perennial wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer</Emphasis> species for drought resistance     

Cengiz Toker  H. Canci  T. Yildirim 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(8):1781-1786

About 90% of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the world is grown under rainfed conditions where drought is one of the major constraints limiting its productivity. Unlike the cultivated chickpea, wild Cicer species possesses sources of resistance to multiple stresses; we therefore evaluated perennial wild Cicer species for resistance to drought. C. anatolicum, C. microphyllum, C. montbretii, C. oxydon and C. songaricum were compared with special checks; C. echinospermum, C. pinnatifidum and C. reticulatum and five cultivated chickpeas. After the cultivated chickpeas were killed, accessions were evaluated using a 1–5 scale, where 1 = highly drought resistant (no visible drought effect and full recovery after three successive wiltings) and 5 = highly drought susceptible (leaves and branches dried out, no recovery at all). All accessions of perennial wild Cicer species were significantly superior to those annual wild species and the cultivated chickpeas including the best drought tolerant chickpea, ICC 4958 under drought conditions. Perennial wild Cicer species did not only recover after wilting and drying out above ground level, they also tolerated high temperatures up to 41.8°C. But, they do not cross with the cultivated chickpeas. C. anatolicum should be taken account in long term breeding programs because it has closer affinities to the first crossability group than the others.  相似文献   

Evaluation of annual wild <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer</Emphasis> species for drought and heat resistance under field conditions     

H. Canci  C. Toker 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(1):1-6

About 90% of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the world is grown under rainfed conditions where it is subjected to drought and heat stress. Unlike the cultivated chickpea, annual wild Cicer species possess sources of resistance to multiple stress; annual wild Cicer species were therefore evaluated for resistance to drought and heat stress. Eight annual wild Cicer species (Cicer bijugum, C. chorassanicum, C. cuneatum, C. echinospermum, C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum, C. reticulatum, and C. yamashitae) were compared with special checks, the cvs ICC 4958 and FLIP 87-59C (drought resistant) and ICCV 96029 (very early double-podded). ILC 3279 and 8617 as drought susceptible checks were sown after every 10 test lines. Yield losses due to drought and heat stress in some accessions and susceptible checks (ILC 3279 and ILC 8617) reached 100%. Accessions were evaluated for drought and heat resistance on a 1 (free from drought and heat damage)−9 (100% plant killed from drought and heat) visual scale. Four accessions of C. reticulatum and one accession of C. pinnatifidum were found to be as resistant to drought and heat stress (up to 41.8°C) as the best checks. C. reticulatum should be taken account in short term breeding programs since it can be crossed with the cultivated chickpea.  相似文献   

鹰嘴豆锌指蛋白基因ZF1的克隆及表达分析     

陈晨  彭辉  高文瑞  石庆华  张桦  张巨松  李建贵  麻浩 《作物学报》2009,35(12):2180-2186

利用一段从PEG胁迫的鹰嘴豆幼苗叶片所构建的cDNA文库中得到的EST序列,通过3¢RACE方法克隆到一个鹰嘴豆C₂H₂型锌指蛋白基因ZF1,该基因不含内含子,编码一条244个氨基酸残基的多肽,含有两个典型的Cys2/His2锌指结构。其氨基酸序列含有一个可能的核定位型号,农杆菌介导的洋葱表皮细胞GFP瞬时表达实验表明,ZF1蛋白位于细胞核内。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,ZF1在鹰嘴豆的根、茎、叶、花、幼荚和幼胚中均有表达,在茎和叶中表达较弱,为组成型转录因子。半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,ZF1不但受高温及干旱诱导,而且还受6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)、脱落酸(ABA)、乙烯利(Et)、赤霉素(GA₃)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、水杨酸(SA)和氧胁迫诱导。这些结果表明,ZF1基因可能作为一个核调控因子参与植物的生长代谢以及多种生物与非生物胁迫的应答。  相似文献   

根系不同分隔方式下油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦锰营养的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵秀芬  房增国  吕世华  刘学军  张福锁 《华北农学报》2009,24(6)

通过根系分隔盆栽试验,研究了油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦生长及锰营养的影响.结果表明:与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作能显著改善小麦生长及锰营养,其地上部干质量和吸收锰量均以根系不分隔处理显著高于根系完全分隔处理,但油菜和鹰嘴豆的生长受小麦抑制,表现为不分隔处理地上部干质量及吸锰量显著低于完全分隔.不施锰小麦/油菜和小麦/鹰嘴豆混作体系中,根系不分隔处理小麦根区土壤DTPA-Mn含量显著高于其他分隔方式,且油菜或鹰嘴豆地上部植株锰含量显著高于相应的混作小麦,在锰胁迫条件下,油菜和鹰嘴豆根系活化的土壤锰可被小麦吸收利用.因此与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作是改善小麦锰营养的有效途径之一.  相似文献   

鹰嘴豆的组织解剖结构研究     

田春元 《安徽农业科学》2009,37(25):11992-11994

[目的]研究鹰嘴豆的组织结构。[方法]通过植物制片方法,对鹰嘴豆的根、茎、叶和种子等器官进行切片,制作成永久装片。[结果]鹰嘴豆根为四原型构造;茎中韧皮纤维和髓部发达;根、茎中以网纹导管居多,也有螺纹和孔纹导管;叶中栅栏细胞组织1-2层,海绵组织细胞3～5层;种皮表皮细胞1列,栅状,上端有1条光辉带,子叶细胞中有不定形的草酸钙结晶。[结论]首次报道了鹰嘴豆的组织解剖结构,可为鹰嘴豆的进一步研究提供科学资料,其组织结构特征可作为鹰嘴豆生药鉴定的重要依据。  相似文献