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Abstract. Composted domestic waste was applied either as a mulch or was incorporated into the topsoil. Mulching reduced the seasonal midday soil temperature ranges from between 14 °C and 27.5 °C to between 14 °C and 26 °C, averaging a 0.6 °C fall. However, at sub-optimal temperatures for maize production under the temperate conditions of South East England, the difference may be critical. Compost mulch also improved soil-water conservation in an average year, but not in a very dry year. Compost application increased soil-available N, but increased K uptake was considered to be more important for crop yield than either N additions or the effect on retained soil water. Overall, compost applied as a surface mulch, or incorporated into medium-textured soils in the south and east of England increased crop yield. 相似文献
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In a newly cultivated sandy soil, sugar beet haulms composted by highly effective cellulose-decomposing microorganisms (Trichoderma viride NRC6 or Streptomyces aureofaciens NRC22) were evaluated as organic manure for tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Supermarmment). The treatments were as follows: (1) control with NPK, (2) farmyard manure (FYM), (3) uninoculated
compost, (4) compost inoculated with Glomus sp. NRC212, (5) compost produced by T. viride NRC6, (6) compost produced by S. aureofaciens NRC22. The organic amendments differed in their effects on total microbial counts in the rhizosphere of tomato plants. However,
the amendment of soil with compost produced by highly effective cellulose-decomposing microorganisms or compost inoculated
with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi decreased the proliferation of the total bacteria in the rhizosphere of tomato plants
compared with FYM or compost. The application of compost produced by T. viride NRC6 or S. aureofaciens NRC22 enriched the rhizosphere with fungi or Streptomyces more than the other manure treatments. FYM and compost enhanced both spore production and the percentage of mycorrhizal root
infection of tomato plants as compared with the NPK treatment, while compost produced by T. viride NRC6 or S. aureofaciens NRC22 reduced both the mycorrhizal spore numbers and the percentage of mycorrhizal root infection as compared with the NPK
treatment. However, the application of FYM or compost reduced the incidence of root rot by 8% and 32%, respectively, as compared
with the NPK treatment. The use of T. viride NRC6 or S. aureofaciens NRC22 as cellulolytic microorganisms and AM fungi as inocula in the applied compost increased plant protection by 80%, 75%,
and 73%, as compared with the NPK treatment, respectively. No significant differences in plant dry weight, N, P content and
tomato yield were obtained between FYM and the mineral fertilizer treatment. However, different types of compost induced a
significant increase in plant dry matter, N and P uptake and fruit yield relative to the FYM and mineral fertilizer treatments.
Received: 17 February 1999 相似文献
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Ajinath Shridhar DukareRadha Prasanna Sunil Chandra DubeyLata Nain Vidhi ChaudharyRajendra Singh Anil Kumar Saxena 《Crop Protection》2011,30(4):436-442
An investigation was conducted to evaluate the potential of antagonistic cyanobacteria/bacterial cultures amended compost and compost tea preparations for suppressing diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani in tomato. Two types of microbe-fortified composts and the compost tea preparations, along with the recommended biological control (Trichoderma formulation) and chemical control (Thiram-Carbendazim), were used for inoculating the potting mixture. Comparative performance of the treatments revealed the superiority of both the composts/compost tea preparations in enhancing seed germination, seedling length and biomass in the fungi challenged treatments. The most effective control of the diseases was obtained by the composts amended with Anabaena oscillarioides C12 and Bacillus subtillis B5 and the compost tea preparations. Both treatments provided significantly better control than the other treatments in terms of reduction in disease severity, reduction of fungal load and enhancement of plant parameters. Our study reveals the efficacy of microbe-fortified composts for use in control of the studied root diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. 相似文献
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Manfred Sager 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(6):1383-1390
In Austria, farm animals are estimated to produce about 20×106 ton of excrements annually. In order to predict possible changes of the inorganic compositions of the target soils from various organic fertilizers, mean compositions of excrements, composts and sewage sludges have been compiled on a dry weight basis. Although the high amounts of K and P were beneficial, there were some high concentrations of Na in biogas residues and pig manures. Intense additions of Cu, Zn, and Se are reflected in high loads in the respective excrements, and these amounts in some instances exceeded the threshold limits for soil contamination. Selenium addition to arable soils can be regarded as beneficial, however, as Austria is a low Se area. Composts and sewage sludges were higher in Al and lithophilic trace elements than were the excrements. Factor analysis traced phosphates as the main source of Cd. Cr in processed matrices was significantly higher, and abrasion from tools should be considered in future investigations. Other unwanted trace elements, like Ni, Pb, As and Hg, were found at a rather low concentration. 相似文献
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Transformations of carbon and nitrogen during composting of animal manure and shredded paper 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Composts produced from animal manures and shredded paper were characterized in terms of their carbon (C) and nitrogen (N)
forms and C mineralization. Total, water-soluble, acid-hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable C and N contents were determined
on composts sampled on days 0, 11, 18, 26, 33, 40 and 59 after composting was initiated. Water-soluble and acid-hydrolyzable
C and N decreased during composting, whereas non-hydrolyzable C remained relatively constant, and non-hydrolyzable N greatly
increased during composting. The water-soluble forms of N were characterized by a decrease of ammomium (NH4
+-N) at the beginning of composting, followed by an increase of nitrate (NO3
–-N) towards the end of composting. The mineralization of C in composted materials was generally higher at the beginning than
at the end of composting, whereas no differences were observed for mineralization of C in non-hydrolyzable materials. The
addition of N inhibited C mineralization in composts except in samples collected on days 40 and 59, while C mineralization
was strongly stimulated by adding N to the non-hydrolyzable materials. The data suggest that the N forms in the non-hydrolyzable
materials were chemically similar and not readily available to microbes, indicating that the C/N ratios often used to assess
the biodegradability of organic matter and to develop compost formulations should be based on biologically available N and
C and not on total N and C.
Received: 12 May 1997 相似文献
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Abstract. A coarse urban compost, low in organic matter but mature, was tested for agricultural use. The response of Tewera ryegrass to this compost (applied at 12 and 48 t/ha) was evaluated in a field trial over two years. For a satisfactory yield the larger dose was necessary. This dose also gave greater values for the apparent recovery of N in both years. However, the N concentration in ryegrass was always below the sufficiency ranges proposed for N. The values of the potentially mineralizable N of the compost showed that the applied N at the greater rate of compost application was not sufficient to cover crop removal of N. In contrast, concentrations of P, S, K, Mn and Zn were within their corresponding sufficiency ranges. The dose of 48 t/ha did not increase Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd concentrations in the ryegrass. 相似文献
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研究了不同碳源、氮源、温度、pH值和光照对蟹味菇菌丝生长的影响,并对蟹味菇工厂化栽培培养料进行了筛选。结果表明:菌丝最适生长温度25℃,最适pH为9.0,避光条件下培养的菌丝体色泽、长势较好。以麦芽糖为碳源,以蛋白胨为氮源,菌丝生长最快,长势旺盛。最适培养料配方:棉籽壳35%、木屑35%、麦麸25%、玉米粉5%、生石灰1%,生物学效率达到55.8%。 相似文献
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S. Yong-Sulem E.T. Tomedi S. Mounchili S. Tekeng R.E. Brummett 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2006,260(1-4):139-144
To inform decisions on improving the yields of African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings in earthen ponds, the hypothesis that composts and leaks were partly responsible for usually low and variable fry survivals was tested, through comparison of treatments and simple regression. The occurrence of amphibians was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and survival of fry was significantly lower (P < 0.02) in ponds with composts than in those without. The survival of fry and fingerlings in earthen ponds was negatively correlated with their night leaking rates and regression analysis yielded the equations y = − 13.31x + 82.56 for fry and y = − 6.97x + 95.29 for fingerlings, where y is the survival of fry or fingerlings in a holding pond and x is the leaking rate of the pond. Realizing how negatively the existence of composts and leaks could affect the survival of fry and fingerlings, fertilizing unfenced ponds with composts and sterilizing nursery ponds by drying were proscribed. 相似文献
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