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1.
There is an increasing trend to require more efficient use of water resources, both in urban and rural environments. A major mechanism that can be used to achieve greater efficiencies is the reuse of water that once would have been discarded into the environment after use. The reuse of water for agricultural irrigation is often viewed as a positive means of recycling water due to the potential large volumes of water that can be used. Recycled water can have the advantage of being a constant, reliable water source and reduces the amount of water extracted from the environment. In addition, in some cases treatment requirements may be need to be less than for water used in an urban environment due to less potential human contact. There are concerns and unknowns, however, about the impact of the quality of the recycled water, both on the crop itself and on the end users of the crops. Water quality issues that can create real or perceived problems in agriculture include nutrient and sodium concentrations, heavy metals, and the presence of contaminants such as human and animal pathogens, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors. Social attitudes to the use of crops that have been irrigated with recycled waters and the resulting impact on market value of crops are also a major consideration. This paper will discuss the benefits from using different types of recycled water and outline the current knowledge and opinions relating to risks such as water quality issues. 相似文献
2.
[目的]研究浮床栽培虎杖对吉富罗非鱼养殖池塘的水质、底质的净化作用。[方法]2016年5—10月测定了水体TOC、COD、Chl、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N、TP、PO_4~(3-)-P和底泥TOC、TN、TP,研究种植虎杖对吉富罗非鱼养殖水质和底质的影响。[结果]2016年5月,虎杖塘浮床区和敞水区TOC、COD、Chl、TP显著下降;6月浮床区和敞水区TOC、COD、Chl、TP显著下降,浮床区NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P显著下降;7月,浮床区和敞水区COD显著下降,且浮床区TOC、Chl显著下降;8月,浮床区和敞水区COD、TN显著下降,浮床区TOC和敞水区NH+4-N显著下降;9月,浮床区和敞水区TOC、COD、Chl、TN显著下降;10月,浮床区和敞水区COD、Chl、TN显著下降,浮床区TOC和敞水区NH_4~+-N显著下降。6—8月虎杖种植塘底泥TOC显著增加,6月底泥TN显著增加,7—10月底泥TN显著降低,6、8—10月底泥TP显著降低。[结论]虎杖种植能降低水体中TOC、COD和Chl,降低底泥TP和TN,种植前、后期能分别降低水体中TP和TN,且能显著提高其总产量和成活率,降低其饵料系数和相应的生物学指标。 相似文献
3.
[目的]采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪（LC-MS/MS）,在多反应监测（MRM）模式下建立了四大南药中黄曲霉毒素（AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2）含量的测定方法.[方法]试样中的黄曲霉毒素经甲醇/水（70/30）提取,黄曲霉毒素免疫亲和柱净化,液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,外标法定量.[结果]该方法的检出限（LOD）为0.2～0.5 μg/kg,线性范围为0～50 μg/L,相关系数R2腰均大于0.999;在2～50μg/ks的添加水平上,4种霉菌毒素平均回收率为78.6％ ～92.1％,相对标准偏差RSD为0.8％ ～8.4％.[结论]该方法前处理简单、快速,灵敏度、准确度和精密度高. 相似文献
4.
我国菜园土壤中某些重金属元素的含量与分布 总被引：132，自引：2，他引：132
本文对我国各主要起源母土上发育的厚熟土、不同熟化程度的菜园土以及相对应的粮田土壤３７个剖面中某些重金属元素的全量及有效态含量进行了研究，结果表明：菜园土壤随种菜历史的延长、熟化程度的增加、重金属元素Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ的含量有明显增高的趋势。元素在剖面中的分布以表层含量最高，向下递减。厚熟土由于具有较厚的熟化表层，元素全量及有效态含量在０－４０ｃｍ土层中均较高，多在过渡层之下出现突然降低的转折；中度和 相似文献
5.
Summary Sterile seedlings are required for the investigation of interactions between microorganisms and plants. The present study was designed to develop a simple and reliable method for the selection of sterile seedlings by the use of liquid nutrient media, avoiding some of the disadvantages of solid media. The method of germinating surface-sterilized seedlings on solid water agar or nutrient media was compared with our method for sterility control in nutrient broth. Sterile plant selection in liquid media was the most sensitive method for detecting bacterial and fungal contaminants. Sterile plants grow with the same vigour as unsterilized plants and can be used for sterile plant experiments. 相似文献
6.
Samples of suspended and fine channel bed sediment were used to examine the spatial and temporal variability in the amount of fine-grained sediment and associated contaminants temporarily stored in the Na Borges River (319 km2) in Mallorca and the relationship of such channel storage to the fluxes of fine sediment and associated contaminant through the system. This Mediterranean groundwater-dominated river drains a predominantly agricultural catchment, although urbanisation during the twentieth century has changed the catchment hydrology. A re-suspension technique was used to obtain estimates of channel storage at monthly intervals during the 2004–2005 hydrological year at eight locations along the main stem of the stream (i.e. 26 km). The estimates of fine sediment storage ranged between 0 and 13,000 g m− 2, with a mean value of 2400 g m− 2. Only Cu exceeded the critical threshold (36 μg g− 1), established by existing guidelines for the contaminant content of fluvial sediment. The results demonstrated significant spatial and temporal variability, in response to the influence of urban point sources, agricultural practises, seasonal groundwater interactions and the first-flush effect. The amount of fine sediment entering storage during the study period was 515.2 t, representing the net increase in storage over the study period. As a result, the mean specific storage was 21 t km− 1. Suspended-sediment load and temporary fine sediment storage are the two basic components of the channel sediment budget that interact to determine sediment transport through a channel system, and they can therefore be used to compute the total input of sediment and associated contaminants to the system. Accordingly, storage values were compared with estimates of suspended sediment load and associated contaminant load values at three measuring stations along the river. During the study period, storage in the main channel system represented 87% of the sediment input and 68% of the contaminant input, indicating that deposition was more important than transport. The low gradient of the main channel and the low return period (i.e. 0–2.5 years) of the flood events that occurred during the study period meant that remobilised bed sediment and associated contaminants were redeposited downstream rather than being flushed to the catchment outlet as suspended sediment. Furthermore, the river bed is dry during the summer months, allowing sealing and crusting processes to stabilise the sediment deposited during the wet season and thereby reduce its availability for remobilisation at the beginning of the next wet season. Together, these factors promote sediment deposition and storage, with the result that sediment progressively accumulate over several hydrological years until a major flood event (i.e. return period ≈ 5 years) evacuates the stored sediment. 相似文献
7.
Sediments in urban river basins: a review of sediment–contaminant dynamics in an environmental system conditioned by human activities 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Background, aim and scope Over 50% of the global population live in urban centres and, therefore, an understanding of the processes acting upon urban
systems is a global issue. The nature of human-made, often impervious, land surfaces and heavily engineered waterways results
in hydrological and sedimentological systems in urbanised basins which contrast significantly to those within more natural
(i.e. pristine, forested, agricultural) aquatic systems. In addition, the abundance of contamination sources in urban systems
results in chemical pressures often manifested as high pollution concentrations or loadings, which in turn have detrimental
impacts on human and ecosystem health. These lead to management and sustainability issues not generally encountered in more
natural environments. The purpose of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art assessment of sediment sources, pathways
and storage within urban river systems, to consider sediment management within urban systems and river basins, and examine
the role of local and global environmental changes on sediment processes and management. Inevitably, much of the sediment
that is transported within urbanised basins is contaminated, so this review also considers sediment–contaminant sources and
interactions.
Conclusions and recommendations We reach a number of conclusions and recommendations for future research. There is a need for better sampling and monitoring
of sediment and sediment-associated contaminant fluxes and cycling in urban river channels and basins. This should include
better techniques and studies to identify sources and transfers of road-deposited sediment (RDS), airborne particulate matter
and sediments in the river system. Greater interdisciplinary research, combining sedimentologists, hydrologists, urban planners,
urban archaeologists, chemists and biologists, is needed. More attention needs to focus on upscaling and connecting urban
areas to the rest of the river basin, both upstream and downstream. Finally, there is a need to balance multiple needs (urban
population, water resources) with likely trends in both urban development and global environmental change. 相似文献
8.
基于机器视觉的鸡胴体表面污染物在线检测技术 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于机器视觉技术设计了鸡胴体表面污染物在线检测及处理系统。通过"工业相机+滤光片+计算机"的方式在线采集鸡胴体表面波长500 nm和710 nm的特征图像,采用中值滤波、灰度增强进行图像预处理,然后采用Otsu法自动确定阈值并获得二值化图像,再对图像进行腐蚀、膨胀、空洞填充以及异或操作,分割得到鸡胴体表面污染物区域并以此判断鸡胴体表面是否存在污染物,然后对鸡胴体表面的污染物进行喷淋处理。试验结果显示,利用该系统进行鸡胴体表面3种污染物(盲肠粪便、血液、胆汁)检测,检测总体平均正确率为90.5%,表明该系统可实现鸡胴体表面污染物的在线检测和正确识别。 相似文献
9.
Although the development of salinization in European soils and waters is less of a problem than in Asia, Africa and Australia, The impact in Europe is likely to be worse because of the much greater interference with stored pollutants. Three types of salinization are discussed here: salinization caused by faulty irrigation, increased evapotranspiration and rises in sea-level. the potential activation of the chemical time bombs due to climatic changes and the development of the co-tolerance of plants to metal pollution and increased salinity is considered. 相似文献
10.
J. Pratoomyot E.. Bendiksen J.G. Bell D.R. Tocher 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2008,280(1-4):170-178
Replacement of fish oil with sustainable alternatives, such as vegetable oil, in aquaculture diets has to be achieved without compromising the nutritional quality, in terms of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content, of the product. This may be possible if the level of replacement is not too high and oil blends are chosen carefully but, if high levels of fish oil are substituted, a fish oil finishing diet prior to harvest would be required to restore n-3HUFA. However, a decontaminated fish oil would be required to avoid increasing undesirable contaminants. Here we test the hypotheses that blending of rapeseed and soybean oils with southern hemisphere fish oil will have a low impact upon tissue n-3HUFA levels, and that decontamination of fish oil will have no major effect on the nutritional quality of fish oil as a feed ingredient for Atlantic salmon. Salmon (initial weight ~ 0.8 kg) were fed for 10 weeks with diets in which 60% of fish oil was replaced with blends of soybean, rapeseed and southern hemisphere fish oil (SVO) or 100% decontaminated northern fish oil (DFO) in comparison with a standard northern fish oil diet (FO). Decontamination of the oil was a two-step procedure that included treatment with activated carbon followed by thin film deodorisation. Growth performance and feed efficiency were unaffected by either the SVO or DFO diets despite these having lower gross nutrient and fatty acid digestibilities than the FO diet. There were also no effects on the gross composition of the fish. Liver and, to a lesser extent flesh, lipid levels were lower in fish fed the SVO blends, due to lower proportions of neutral lipids, specifically triacylglycerol. Tissue lipid levels were not affected in fish fed the DFO diet. Reflecting the diet, flesh eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and total n-3 fatty acids were higher, and 18:1n-9 lower, in fish fed DFO than FO, whereas there were no differences in liver fatty acid compositions. Flesh EPA levels were only slightly reduced from about 6% to 5% although docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced more severely from around 13% to about 7% in fish fed the SVO diets. In contrast, the liver fatty acid compositions showed higher levels of n-3 HUFA, with DHA only reduced from 21% to about 18% and EPA increased from under 8% to 9–10% in fish fed the SVO diets. The evidence suggested that increased liver EPA (and arachidonic acid) was not simply retention, but also conversion of dietary 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6. Increased HUFA synthesis was supported by increased hepatic expression of fatty acyl desaturases in fish fed the SVO diets. Flesh n-3HUFA levels and desaturase expression was significantly higher in fish fed soybean oil than in fish fed rapeseed oil. In conclusion, partial replacement of fish oil with blends of vegetable oils and southern hemisphere fish oil had minimal impact on HUFA levels in liver, but a greater effect on flesh HUFA levels. Despite lower apparent digestibility, decontamination of fish oil did not significantly impact its nutritional quality for salmon. 相似文献