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1.
Long-term hydrologic simulations are presented predicting the effects of drainage water management on subsurface drainage, surface runoff and crop production in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes. The deterministic hydrologic model, DRAINMOD was used to simulate Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic) soil in a Continuous Corn rotation (WEBS_CC) with different drain depths from 0.75 to 1.20 m and drain spacing from 10 to 50 m in a combination of free and controlled drainage over a weather record of 60 (1945-2004) years. Shallow drainage is defined as drains installed at a drain depth of 0.75 m, and controlled drainage with a drain depth of 1.20 m restricts flow at the drain outlet to maintain a water table at 0.60 m below surface level during the winter (November-March) and summer (June-August) months. These drainage design and management modifications were evaluated against conventional drainage system installed at a drain depth of 1.20 m with free drainage at the drain outlet. The simulation results indicate the potential of a tradeoff between subsurface drainage and surface runoff as a pathway to remove excess water from the system. While a reduction of subsurface drainage may occur through the use of shallow and controlled drainage, these practices may increase surface runoff in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes. The simulations also indicate that shallow and controlled drainage might increase the excess water stress on crop production, and thereby result in slightly lower relative yields. Field experiments are needed to examine the pathways of water movement, total water balance, and crop production under shallow and controlled drainage in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes. 相似文献
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R. W. Skaggs M. A. Brevé A. T. Mohammad J. E. Parsons J. W. Gilliam 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1995,9(3):259-277
The design and management of drainage systems should consider impacts on drainage water quality and receiving streams, as well as on agricultural productivity. Two simulation models that are being developed to predict these impacts are briefly described. DRAINMOD-N uses hydrologic predictions by DRAINMOD, including daily soil water fluxes, in numerical solutions to the advective-dispersive-reactive (ADR) equation to describe movement and fate of NO3-N in shallow water table soils. DRAINMOD- CREAMS links DRAINMOD hydrology with submodels in CREAMS to predict effects of drainage treatment and controlled drainage losses of sediment and agricultural chemicals via surface runoff. The models were applied to analyze effects of drainage intensity on a Portsmouth sandy loam in eastern North Carolina. Depending on surface depressional storage, agricultural production objectives could be satisfied with drain spacings of 40 m or less. Predicted effects of drainage design and management on NO3-N losses were substantial. Increasing drain spacing from 20 m to 40 m reduced predicted NO3-N losses by over 45% for both good and poor surface drainage. Controlled drainage further decreases NO3-N losses. For example, predicted average annual NO3-N losses for a 30 m spacing were reduced 50% by controlled drainage. Splitting the application of nitrogen fertilizer, so that 100 kg/ha is applied at planting and 50 kg/ha is applied 37 days later, reduced average predicted NO3-N losses but by only 5 to 6%. This practice was more effective in years when heavy rainfall occurred directly after planting. In contrast to effects on NO3-N losses, reducing drainage intensity by increasing drain spacing or use of controlled drainage increased predicted losses of sediment and phosphorus (P). These losses were small for relatively flat conditions (0.2% slope), but may be large for even moderate slopes. For example, predicted sediment losses for a 2% slope exceeded 8000 kg/ha for a poorly drained condition (drain spacing of 100 m), but were reduced to 2100 kg/ha for a 20 m spacing. Agricultural production and water quality goals are sometimes in conflict. Our results indicate that simulation modeling can be used to examine the benefits of alternative designs and management strategies, from both production and environmental points-of-view. The utility of this methodology places additional emphasis on the need for field experiments to test the validity of the models over a range of soil, site and climatological conditions. 相似文献
3.
“玉米带”改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
该文针对美国密西西比河上游明尼苏达州农田排水氮素流失严重,近年来又大力发展生物燃料产业的现状,采用田间水文模型——DRAINMOD模拟分析了玉米-大豆轮作区改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应。结果表明改种多年生草后,植物耗水量的增加使得农田排水量明显减少;较深的草根系,尤其是在干旱年份消耗了大量的深层土壤水,降低了地下水位。种草后的生物排水量远远大于其他工程措施（如增加排水间距或潜埋排水管等）,可显著减少农田排水氮素流失对水环境的影响。 相似文献
4.
Xihua Yang 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(4):439-446
DRAINMOD is a water management model developed to simulate the performance of drainage and water table control systems for shallow water table soils, and it has been widely used in the United States over the last 20 years. This model has been evaluated and applied for predicting water table fluctuations in a sugarcane field for acid drainage management in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. The reliability of the model has been evaluated using 2-year experimental field data from water level recorders installed in a sugarcane field. Good agreement was found between the observed and simulated values with a standard error of about 0.07 m. However, the model is not readily applicable to daily water management in Australian soils since it requires extensive soil and climate data, which are normally not available for most Australian sugarcane areas. In this application, refinements have been attempted in evapotranspiration estimation and in soil input data preparation so that the model requires only easily obtainable input data but still retains acceptable accuracy. With these improvements, the model can be used as a practical tool for investigating drainage management options for different site conditions. This will assist decision-makers in providing appropriate subsurface drainage management policies, such as acid drainage management, in Australian estuarine sugarcane areas. 相似文献
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近滨海盐碱地暗管排水条件下地下水埋深动态变化模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
农田暗管排水工程是近滨海地区盐碱地防御涝渍害、降低土壤盐分和促进作物生长的重要措施。本文应用DRAINMOD模型对河北沧州近滨海暗管排水排盐试验区(暗管埋深1.2 m,间距30 m),2011年6—9月的地下水埋深进行了模拟,并对不同控制性排水方案(无强制排水,地下水埋深控制在50 cm、80 cm和100 cm)下地下水埋深的变化进行了预测。模型所需参数(气象数据、作物数据、土壤参数和排水数据)由室内试验、田间试验和实地观测得到。研究结果表明:DRAINMOD在该地区的模拟值与观测值拟合较好,效率系数为0.67,相对误差系数为6.15%,反映出模型良好的模拟性能;农田暗管排水系统能明显降低涝渍害的发生,即使发生强降水,也能在2 d内将地下水埋深控制在60 cm以下,而若无强制排水地下水埋深需在15 d后降至60 cm;对不同排水方案模拟效果的比较表明,试验区在夏季控制性排水中,将地下水埋深控制在80 cm左右较为合适。综上,DRAINMOD模型可以很好地应用于地下水埋深变化的预测中。因此,在未来的研究中,近滨海盐碱区可以通过DRAINMOD模型模拟地下水埋深变化,从而为农田排水系统的设计提供理论依据,为暗管排水管理制度的建立提供科学的选择方法。 相似文献
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7.
【目的】研究不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态变化,为南方稻作区节水减排提供科学依据。【方法】基于实测的田间灌排水量及氮素变化数据,采用Morris方法检测DRAINMOD模型水氮运移相关参数的灵敏度,并利用DRAINMOD模型对传统灌排模式和控制灌排模式下稻田水氮动态进行模拟。【结果】20~40 cm土层侧向饱和导水率对稻田水分运移模拟结果影响最大,弥散系数、反硝化参数、硝化反应参数、有机质适宜分解温度对稻田氮素运移模拟结果影响较大;DRAINMOD模型能够较好地模拟不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态变化、灌排水量、氮素径流总负荷模拟值与实际值差别小于11%;与传统灌排模式相比,控制灌排模式排水量减少33.0%~72.6%,灌水量减少9.7%~37.1%,铵态氮径流负荷减少43.6%~45.0%,硝态氮径流负荷分别减少29.8%~53.1%。【结论】控制灌排模式稻田节水减排效果较好,利用DRAINMOD模型进行不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态模拟可行有效。 相似文献
8.
Ingrid Wesström Barbro Ulén Abraham Joel Göran Johansson Lovisa Stjernman Forsberg 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2015,65(3):228-238
Leaching losses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from arable land can be high, with N and P contributing significantly to the eutrophication of lakes and coastal waters. This study examined whether agriculture management and drain repair changed the chemical properties of shallow groundwater and affected nutrient leaching in the field. The hydrology of a subsurface-drained agricultural observation field included in the Swedish water quality monitoring programme was simulated for the period 1976–2006 using the process-based, field-scale model DRAINMOD. On the assumption that the drainage system operated similarly before and after repair, 54% more water was assigned to low-moderate flow events. Measured concentrations of sulphate-sulphur (SO4-S), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and potassium (K) were significantly lower in shallow groundwater in the period before drainage system repair (1980–1998) than afterwards (1998–2010). The concentrations were also significantly correlated with the corresponding concentrations in near-simultaneously sampled drain water. A similar connection was not observed for Na and Cl in the period before drain repair. Elevated concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) were recorded both in shallow groundwater and in drainage water from 1998 to 2010, especially after incorporation of chicken manure into the soil in 1998. Based on simulated discharge (assuming a functioning measuring station throughout), estimated flow-weighted mean NO3-N concentration in drainage water increased from 5.6 mg L?1 (1977–1998) to 15.7 mg L?1 in the period 1998–2000. Simultaneously, mean NO3-N concentration in shallow groundwater increased from 0.2 to 4.0 mg L?1, and then to 4.8 mg L?1 in the period 2000–2012. It was estimated that after drain repair, a greater proportion of infiltrated NO3-N entered the receiving stream directly via the outlet of the tile drainage system close to the field's monitoring station than was the case before repair. 相似文献
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不同暗管布置下棉田排水的硝态氮流失量分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究不同暗管控制水深、暗管间距和暗管埋深条件下暗管排水中硝态氮流失量的变化规律,将暗管控制水深、暗管间距和暗管埋深的变化范围分别设为30～80cm、8～40m和80～120cm,采用通用旋转组合设计确定试验方案,并利用DRAINMOD模型对不同试验方案下暗管排水中硝态氮的流失量进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明:单一增加暗管出口控制水深或暗管埋深以及单一减小暗管间距都会使暗管排水中硝态氮流失量增加。暗管间距和暗管埋深对暗管排水中硝态氮流失量的影响要比暗管出口控制水深的影响大,当暗管出口控制水深小于40cm时,暗管埋深对其影响大于暗管间距;而当暗管出口控制水深大于70cm时,暗管间距对其影响大于暗管埋深。当暗管埋深不变时,增大暗管间距的同时减小暗管出口控制水深有助于减小暗管排水中的硝态氮流失量。 相似文献
10.
利用DRAINMOD模型模拟不同排水管间距下的作物产量 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
农田排水工程在防御涝渍灾害、促进农作物正常生长和改善田间耕作管理等方面起着积极的作用,通过合理的排水工程来减轻或消除涝渍灾害的影响是提高产量的主要途径.DRAINMOD模型适用于地下水位管理系统及地下排水水位和产量变化.该文结合淮北平原砂姜黑土地区实测土壤、气象、作物等资料,用DRAINMOD模型进行长序列模拟,得到不同排水管间距对作物产量的影响,结果表明,对于冬小麦来说,排水间距的大小对其相对产量的影响较小,棉花生长期出现涝渍的概率超过50%,若排水间距大于40 m,相对产量下降明显,在该试验区地下排水系统的设计应以棉花的设计指标作为设计参数,用于指导排水工程的设计. 相似文献