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The soil pore network and marcoporosity are important factors affecting water and solute transport. The transfer of contaminants to water resources is of particular importance in the Valle de Bravo watershed as it provides 10% of the drinking water for the 20 million inhabitants of Mexico City. This watershed is composed mainly of Andosols with unique mineralogical and physical characteristics. Soil porosity is usually examined on thin sections, using various image analysis techniques. We propose a novel methodology combining image analysis and a displacement experiment to study relationships between soil structure and water tracer transport parameters. H218O displacement experiments were conducted through intact soil columns sampled at three depths from a representative cultivated Andosol profile. The soil structure and pore characteristics were obtained by image analysis on thin sections obtained from each column at the end of the displacement experiment. The total 2D porosity (for pores larger than 50 μm) varied from 80% of the total section area in the topsoil to around 60% in the subsoil. Tubular pores were the most abundant in the soil profile, but ploughing of the topsoil had destroyed sections of these pores and replaced them with packing pores. Water transport in the intact subsoil columns was always in physical non-equilibrium, showing the existence of preferential flow pathways. In the topsoil, one column out of three showed no preferential flow, demonstrating that soil ploughing also homogenised pore connections. Pore connectivity was larger in the ploughed topsoil than in their deeper soil horizon counterparts. Our methodology offers a 2D quantitative characterisation of the macroporous network at 50 μm resolution and the determination of water transport parameters on the same intact soil samples. 3D characterisation of soil porosity using X-ray computed tomography (CT) gives a better picture of pore connection but usually has lower spatial resolution and a larger cost. 相似文献
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本文对杠杆压铊张紧系统带锯产生振动的原因,进行了试验和理论研究。用2034型频谱分析仪试验表明,带锯条振动属于复杂周期信号的离散型频谱,是由多个简谐振动叠加而成;同时理论考察分析表明,带锯条杠杆压铊张紧系统不同于秤量重物的“平衡秤”,不可能达到“静平衡”,而是在锯轮参数激振作用下形成周期性受迫振动。锯轮参数激振和杠杆压铊张紧系统位移激振之间交互作用,是使带锯条产生周期振动并引起张紧力发生变化的重要原因。 相似文献
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Behavioral responses of brown bears mediate nutritional effects of experimentally introduced tourism
To develop a conceptual understanding of the interaction between tourists and bears, this study examined the responses of brown bears (Ursus arctos) to experimentally introduced tourism at Douglas River in south-central Alaska within the framework of current predator-prey theory. Factors eliciting displacement and the nutritional consequences of behavioral changes were measured. GPS collars were deployed to track temporal and spatial resource use and scan and focal observations were used to quantify foraging efficiency, vigilance behavior, and bear use of various food resources. Total food intake was quantified by combining data on food resource use based on GPS locations and foraging efficiency was measured using spotting scopes from long distances. Seasonal food availability and quality were monitored and utilized as co-variates in comparisons between pre-treatment and treatment years. Though the bear population exhibited significant behavioral differences between the presence and absence of humans, changes in behavior generally mediated effects on total food intake. Adult males at a salt marsh viewing area were the only sex/age class exhibiting reduced food intake resulting from a 15% decline in foraging time when viewers were present. Salmon intake did not differ between pre-treatment and treatment years despite a 10% decline in time spent fishing when viewers were present. The tightly controlled experimental bear-viewing introduced in this study allowed bears to evaluate predation risk associated with human activity and optimally respond to minimize costs due to changes in foraging activities. 相似文献
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The increasing presence of aquaculture in coastal waters calls for a better understanding of its environmental effects. Currently little information is available on the impact of shellfish farms on cetaceans. Here we compare long-term ranging patterns of adult female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp. in Shark Bay, Western Australia) before and during full-scale pearl oyster farming operations, to determine if they were displaced. When the exact location of the oyster farm was determined, the dolphins decreased their use of that area after the farm was in place. Tracks of adult female dolphin movement near the oyster farm were compared to tracks of dolphin movement near an ecologically similar area where no oyster farm existed. Tracks near the oyster farm were less likely to enter the oyster farm itself than tracks near an ecologically similar location. This suggests that shellfish aquaculture could have a large impact on small cetaceans. The analytical techniques discussed apply broadly to aquatic and terrestrial animals. 相似文献
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差线栅位移传感器参数设计准则 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
差线栅位移传感器的机械参数对其性能有决定性的影响.其参数设计过程中需考虑的因素和遵循的规律比较独特.推导了含有分辨率准则、精度准则、幅值准则、波形准则的差线栅位移传感器参数设计准则,为传感器的结构设计和机械参数选择提供了理论依据. 相似文献
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本文将连梁简化为连续肢片,并考虑变形由剪切效应和弯曲效应两部分组成。其中,弯曲效应又分为服从平截面假设的纯弯曲和由连梁剪切弯曲而引起的翘曲;而剪切效应仅考虑墙肢各层段的局部剪切弯曲,不包含连梁的剪切弯曲。同时,考虑连梁的反弯点出现在中点。按此,用最小势能原理导出了受侧向水平荷载作用下双肢墙的连续化位移法控制微分方程。本文假设翘曲位移函数按各墙肢的形心坐标在各自墙肢截面上均布,而保持墙肢轴力与其静面矩成比例的关系。该控制微分方程求解简便。算出过孔口中心横截面上的正应力后,就可按平衡关系算出各杆的剪力。本法对双肢墙有很好的精度。 相似文献
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飞播用花棒种子处理技术的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为解决花棒种子飞播后的位移问题，进行了大粒化的改进与胶化处理技术的研究。结果表明，胶化处理较大粒化省工省力省费用。 相似文献