Lethal effects caused by suspended particles and sediment load on zoospores and gametophytes of the brown alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia bicyclis</Emphasis>     

Hisayuki?ArakawaEmail author 《Fisheries Science》2005,71(1):133-140

ABSTRACT:   The effects caused by suspended particles in seawater and sediment cover of the substrate on the attachment to the substrate of zoospores, and on the subsequent growth and survival of gametophytes of the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis were examined in the laboratory. The attachment rate to the substrate of the zoospores was remarkably reduced by the sediment cover on the substrate, and it decreased to 3.8% of the no-sediment control by a slight sediment cover of 3.0 mg/cm² (0.048 mm in thickness). The growth of gametophytes was not inhibited at 10 mg/cm² or less of sediment cover, though it was stopped at 30 mg/cm². The survival rate of gametophytes became 39.4% at 5 mg/cm² on the substrate, and gametophytes were all blighted at 30 mg/cm². The ratio of male to female of the surviving gametophytes became 81.5:18.5, when the sediment cover was 10 mg/cm². The rate of total loss ( TL [%]) of zoospores and gametophytes of Eisenia bicyclis was obtained from the following equation: TL  = 100 (1 − exp[−0.0339  C ] exp[−1.24  Q ]), where, C (mg/L) and Q (mg/cm²) indicate the concentration of suspended particles in seawater and the sediment on the substrate, respectively.  相似文献   

Toxicological effects of TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles in soil on earthworm Eisenia fetida     

C.W. Hu  M. Li  Y.B. Cui  J. Chen  L.Y. Yang 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(4):586-247

Nanoparticles (NPs) of TiO₂ and ZnO are receiving increasing attention due to their widespread applications. To evaluate their toxicities to the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) in soil, artificial soil systems containing distilled water, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 5.0 g kg⁻¹ of NPs were prepared and earthworms were exposed for 7 days. Contents of Zn and Ti in earthworm, activities of antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage to earthworm, activity of cellulase and damage to mitochondria of gut cells were investigated after acute toxicity test. The results from response of the antioxidant system combined with DNA damage endpoint (comet assay) indicated that TiO₂ and ZnO NPs could induce significant damage to earthworms when doses were greater than 1.0 g kg⁻¹. We found that Ti and Zn, especially Zn, were bioaccumulated, and that mitochondria were damaged at the highest dose in soil (5.0 g kg⁻¹). The activity of cellulase was significantly inhibited when organisms were exposed to 5.0 g kg⁻¹ of ZnO NPs. Our study demonstrates that both TiO₂ and ZnO NPs exert harmful effects to E. fetida when their levels are higher than 1.0 g kg⁻¹ in soil and that toxicity of ZnO NPs was higher than TiO₂.  相似文献   

Rubber leaf litters (Hevea brasiliensis, var RRIM 600) as vermiculture substrate for epigeic earthworms, Perionyx excavatus, Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002     

Priyasankar S. Chaudhuri  T.K. Pal  Gautam Bhattacharjee  S.K. Dey 《Pedobiologia》2003,47(5-6):796-800

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The nature of eurytopy in polyploid earthworm species in relation to their use in biological soil amelioration     

T. S. Perel 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1987,3(1-2):103-105

Summary Many of the most widely distributed species of Lumbricidae are polyploid. So far polyploid forms have been found to be distributed more widely than diploid ones. Taking Eisenia nordenskioldi as an example, it was shown that polyploids are able to occupy new ecological niches within the area of the diploid form. Ecological differences observed in representatives of different chromosomal races provide polyploids with the chance to coexist in one biocurrent, occupying different ecological niches.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov  相似文献   

Moisture preferences,growth and reproduction of the compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta)     

A. J. Reinecke  J. M. Venter 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1987,3(1-2):135-141

Summary Although moisture requirements of Eisenia fetida are considered to be generally known, very few in-depth studies have been performed. The moisture preferences of juveniles as well as adults of this species were determined in moisture towers containing cow manure with a particle size bigger than 500 and smaller than 1000 m and an organic matter content of 54%. The clitellate worms showed a wider preference range than the juveniles but deposited most of their cocoons within the narrow range of 65%–70% moisture — a moisture range preferred by 80% of the juveniles. Growth studies of newly hatched worms at various moisture levels over a period of 90 days showed that growth rate and final biomass were influenced by moisture availability with a very low rate of growth at low as well as at high moisture levels. The change in biomass of clitellate specimens as well as their consecutively produced cocoons were monitored at different moisture levels. A clear relationship between mass of cocoons and biomass of the producing worms was established at presumably favourable moisture conditions. Furthermore, the relation between cocoon mass and the production rate of cocoons was also determined, which showed that cocoon mass increased concomitantly with increase in cocoon production. The study also showed that clitellum development was increased at moisture levels above 64%. The onset of cocoon production was, however, earliest at slightly lower moisture levels, from which it is concluded that the optimal moisture level for growth and development of clitella are not necessarily optimal for the production of cocoons.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov  相似文献   

Interactions between Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) and nematode populations during vermicomposting     

Jorge Domínguez  Robert W. Parmelee  Clive A. Edwards 《Pedobiologia》2003,47(1):53-60

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Using process-based modelling to analyse earthworm life cycles     

T. Jager  S.A. Reinecke 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(1):1-6

To understand the life cycle of an organism, it is important to understand the physiological processes that govern growth and reproduction. In this paper, we re-analyse a life-cycle data set for the earthworm Eisenia veneta, using a process-based model. The data set comprises measurements of body size and cocoon production over 200 days, at two temperatures (15-25 °C) and two densities (five and 10 worms per container, but with the same worm:soil weight ratio). The model consists of a set of simple equations, derived from Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory. The dynamics of growth and reproduction are simultaneously described by the model, using very few parameters (five parameters for four curves). This supports the use of this model for efficient analysis of earthworm life-cycle data, and to interpret the effects of stressors. However, there was considerable inter-individual variation in the response, hampering the interpretation of the temperature and density effects. A temperature increase corresponded to an increase in the rate constants for growth and reproduction (with the same factor), without affecting the other parameters, as expected from DEB theory. Changing the earthworm density hardly affected the growth curves, but had an unexpected effect on reproduction: at higher densities, the worms start to produce cocoons at a larger body size and the maximum reproduction rate was lower. This study confirms the use of DEB as a reference model for earthworms, and using this model, we can recognise that temperature has a predictable effect on the life cycle of E. veneta. Furthermore, this analysis reveals that the effects of density are less clear and may involve a change in energy allocation that requires further study.  相似文献   

Have spermatophores in Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) any reproductive role?: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002     

Fernando Monroy  Manuel Aira  Alberto Velando  Jorge Domínguez 《Pedobiologia》2003,47(5-6):526-529

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蚯蚓脂肪及其在抗菌物理屏障中的作用   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

王冲  郑冬梅  冀竣玲  孙振钧 《农业环境科学学报》2005,24(4):732-736

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafetida)为实验动物,采用室内培养方法,研究了细菌浸浴诱导对蚯蚓体内脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:(1)索氏抽提法不能从蚯蚓体腔液中获得脂肪,但是可从蚯蚓的组织中获得脂肪。(2)细菌诱导后,蚯蚓体内的脂肪含量增加0.81%(干物质基础),总脂中的脂肪酸含量均有所增加,其中硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸增加的幅度较大,分别增加了2.62%,1.58%和1.62%。(3)蚯蚓脂肪的抑菌作用具有选择性,对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用最强,抑菌圈直径为1.32cm;其次为绿脓杆菌,抑菌圈直径为0.97cm,但是对金黄色葡萄球菌没有抑菌作用;大肠杆菌诱导后,蚯蚓脂肪对绿脓杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用增强,但是对大肠杆菌的抑制作用减弱。(4)蚯蚓脂肪对大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:0.05、0.1g·mL-1;对金黄色葡萄球菌没有抑菌作用。但在细菌诱导后,蚯蚓脂肪对大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:0.05、0.1、0.1g·mL-1;(5)蚯蚓的抗菌物理屏障主要是体壁和消化道,而具有抑菌作用的蚯蚓脂肪也主要分布在这些组织中,因此蚯蚓的脂肪代谢在蚯蚓的生态免疫过程中发挥着重要作用。  相似文献   

兽药添加剂喹乙醇的生态毒理学效应研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

陈海刚  李兆利  徐韵  曲甍甍  孔志明 《农业环境科学学报》2006,25(4):885-889

采用水生生物斑马鱼(Daniorerio)、鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)和土壤生物赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)作为生物材料,通过斑马鱼急性毒性试验、斑马鱼胚胎发育试验、鲤鱼肾细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验、蚯蚓急性毒性试验、蚯蚓生化毒性试验以及蚯蚓体腔细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验,对兽药添加剂喹乙醇分别从生物个体、细胞和分子水平进行了生态毒理学效应研究。急性毒性试验结果表明,喹乙醇实验浓度范围内对斑马鱼和蚯蚓的急性毒性均不大。胚胎发育试验结果表明,喹乙醇对斑马鱼胚胎的72hEC50为221.20mg·L-1,具有明显致畸效应。蚯蚓生化毒性试验表明,喹乙醇能促进蚯蚓体内SOD酶活性,并呈现一定剂量-效应关系,但对纤维素酶影响不明显,单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,喹乙醇具有一定遗传毒性,能引起鲤鱼肾脏细胞和蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤,与空白对照相比有显著差异,并呈现出一定剂量-效应关系。  相似文献