羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究：枯枝落叶积累对草原生态环境及生产力的作用   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

郭继勋  祝廷成 《草业科学》1994,11(6):12-16

枯枝落叶积累可改变原生态环境，地表温度、土壤ＰＨ值积累量呈线性负相关，蒸发量、土壤容重与积累量呈指数负相关，土壤水分、土壤孔隙度与积累量呈线性正相关，枯枝落叶积累可为植物生长创造良好的生境。土壤中主要营养物质随着枯枝落叶积累均有明显提高当积累量达６００ｇ／ｍ＾２时，有机质、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量分别比无枯枝落叶层提高１．８倍、８８．２％、２．１５倍和３７％。枯枝落叶积累对草原生产力有促进作用，在一定范围内  相似文献   

Organic farming fosters agroecosystem functioning in Argentinian temperate soils: Evidence from litter decomposition and soil fauna     

《Applied soil ecology》2014

Benefits of organic farming on soil fauna have been widely observed and this has led to consider organic farming as a potential approach to reduce the environmental impact of conventional agriculture. However, there is still little evidence from field conditions about direct benefits of organic agriculture on soil ecosystem functioning. Hence, the aims of this study were to compare the effect of organic farming versus conventional farming on litter decomposition and to study how this process is affected by soil meso- and macrofauna abundances. Systems studied were: (1) organic farming with conventional tillage (ORG), (2) conventional farming with conventional tillage (CT), (3) conventional farming under no-tillage (NT), and (4) natural grassland as control system (GR). Decomposition was determined under field conditions by measuring weight loss in litterbags. Soil meso- and macrofauna contribution on decomposition was evaluated both by different mesh sizes and by assessing their abundances in the soil. Litter decomposition was always significantly higher after 9 and 12 months in ORG than in CT and NT (from 2 to 5 times in average), regardless decomposer community composition and litter type. Besides, mesofauna, macrofauna and earthworm abundances were significantly higher in ORG than in NT and CT (from 1.6 to 3.8, 1.7 to 2.3 and 16 to 25 times in average, respectively for each group). These results are especially relevant firstly because the positive effect of ORG in a key soil process has been proved under field conditions, being the first direct evidence that organic farming enhances the decomposition process. And secondly because the extensive organic system analyzed here did not include several practices which have been recognized as particularly positive for soil biota (e.g. manure use, low tillage intensity and high crop diversity). So, this research suggests that even when those practices are not applied, the non-use of agrochemicals is enough to produce positive changes in soil fauna and so in decomposition dynamics. Therefore, the adoption of organic system in an extensive way can also be suggested to farmers in order to improve ecosystem functioning and consequently to achieve better soil conditions for crop production.  相似文献   

Rabbit Behavior     

《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2021,24(1):53-62

  相似文献   

高寒草地凋落物覆盖对狼毒生长微环境及种苗定居的影响     

夏建强  张勃  李佳欣  孙淑范  汪睿 《草地学报》2021,29(9):1909-1915

种子萌发和幼苗定居是植物生活史中最为脆弱的两个阶段。为了探明高寒草地狼毒（Stellera chamaejasme）种苗定居的生境选择,本研究在其原生境下通过人工控制试验,研究凋落物覆盖对土壤微环境（温、湿度）的影响以及狼毒种子在不同生境条件下的出苗和定居表现。结果表明：凋落物覆盖总体上能够降低土壤温度,提高土壤含水量,且能显著降低表层土壤温度和含水量的日振幅;与对照（土壤裸露）相比,凋落物覆盖显著降低狼毒种子的出苗率和成苗率,但对其越冬存活率的影响并不显著;土壤埋深对狼毒种子的出苗产生显著影响,埋植于表层土壤（< 0.5 cm）的狼毒种子其出苗率和越冬成活率均显著高于深层土壤（2 cm和4 cm）的种子。分析表明,高寒草地凋落物的存在或种子埋植太深均不利于狼毒种苗的定居;因此,草地裸露或促使土壤浅表化的扰动均可促进狼毒种群建立,是导致退化草地狼毒种群扩散的主要生态因素。  相似文献   

Risk factors for stillbirths in two swine farms in the south of Brazil     

Lucia T  Corrêa MN  Deschamps JC  Bianchi I  Donin MA  Machado AC  Meincke W  Matheus JE 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2002,53(4):57-292

We evaluated stillbirth risk factors in two commercial swine farms of the Rio Grande do Sul State (south of Brazil). The study was conducted during 1 month in Farm A and during 2 months in Farm B, both during 1999. Data for all farrowings that occurred during the study period were recorded (101 for Farm A and 373 for Farm B), without interference in the farm management. In Farm A, 39% of all litters born during the period of interest had stillborn piglets and the stillborn risk for piglets was 12%. In Farm B, 25% of all litters had stillborn piglets whereas the stillborn risk was 2%. Variables considered as potential risk factors for stillbirths were: parity (1, 2–3, 4+); breed (purebred or crossbred); sow body-condition (normal or fat); use of oxytocin during parturition (yes or no); obstetric intervention through vaginal palpation (yes or no); farrowing duration (<4 or ≥4 h); mummified fetuses (yes or no); total litter size (<12 or ≥12 piglets); and litter birth weight (<11 or ≥11 kg). All stillborn piglets had their classification validated by necropsy. In multivariable logistic-regressions, the cases were the litters having at least one stillborn piglet. In Farm A, litters having at least 12 pigs and in which oxytocin was used during the parturition had 20.8-times-higher odds of stillborn occurrence. In Farm B, litters from sows having parity ≥4 had 2.2-times-higher odds of stillborn occurrence than litters from parity 2 to 3 females, litters having ≥12 pigs had 2.0-times-higher odds of a stillborn piglet than smaller litters and farrowings in which vaginal palpation was performed had 8.0-times-higher odds. Farrowing room management to minimize stillborn risk should target higher-parity females, large litters and optimization of practices of obstetric interventions.  相似文献   

Selection for ovulation rate in rabbits     

Noelia Ibez  María Antonía Santacreu  Maria Martinez  Agueda Climent  Agustín Blasco 《Livestock Science》2006,101(1-3):126-133

An experiment of selection for ovulation rate was carried out. Animals were derived from a synthetic line first selected 12 generations for litter size, then 10 generations for uterine capacity. Selection was relaxed for 6 generations. Selection was based on the phenotypic value of ovulation rate with a selection pressure on does of 30%. Males were selected from litters of does with the highest ovulation rate. Males were selected within sire families in order to reduce inbreeding. Ovulation rate was measured in the second gestation by a laparoscopy, 12 days after mating. Each generation had about 80 females and 20 males. Results of three generations of selection were analyzed using Bayesian methods. Marginal posterior distributions of all unknowns were estimated by Gibbs sampling. Heritabilities of ovulation rate (OR), number of implanted embryos (IE), litter size (LS), embryo survival (ES), fetal survival (FS), and prenatal survival (PS) were 0.44, 0.32, 0.11, 0.26, 0.35, and 0.14, respectively. Genetic correlation between OR and LS was 0.56, indicating that selection for ovulation rate can augment litter size. Response to selection for OR was 1.80 ova. Correlated responses in IE and LS were 1.44 and 0.49, respectively. Selection for ovulation rate may be an alternative to improve litter size.  相似文献   

Effect of floor cooling on performance of lactating sows during summer   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B.A.N. Silva  R.F.M. Oliveira  J.L. Donzele  H.C. Fernandes  M.L.T. Abreu  J. Noblet  C.G.V. Nunes 《Livestock Science》2006,105(1-3):176-184

Forty Landrace × Large White lactating sows were used to evaluate the effects of cooling of the floor when maintained under high temperature conditions during summer on their productive and reproductive performance. The sows were allocated in a completely randomized design with two treatments with 20 replicates according to parity number and body weight, with each animal being considered an experimental unit. The treatments consisted of cooling of the floor under the sow with water circulation at about 17 °C and no cooling. The resulting temperatures of the floor were 27.6 and 35.8 °C for the cooled and the control treatments, respectively. The sows from both treatments were exposed to average maximum and minimum environmental temperatures of 26.9 and 20.8 °C, respectively. Sows maintained on a cooled floor had a higher feed intake (6.47 vs. 5.61 kg/day; P < 0.01). Despite this higher intake, sows maintained on a cooled floor had higher body weight and body protein losses during the lactation period (P < 0.01) in connection with a higher milk yield and subsequent growth of the litter (2280 vs. 1798 g/day; P < 0.01). There was an effect of treatment on rectal temperature, surface temperatures and respiratory rate (P < 0.01) with lower values in sows submitted to floor cooling. It is concluded that floor cooling under the lactating sow improves its productive and reproductive performance, as well as the performance of its litter.  相似文献   

Comparison of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during the fattening of pigs, kept either on fully slatted floor or on deep litter   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

F.-X. Philippe  M. Laitat  B. Canart  M. Vandenheede  B. Nicks   《Livestock Science》2007,111(1-2):144-152

Five successive batches of fattening pigs were raised, each during a four month period, on a totally concrete slatted floor in one experimental room and on straw based deep litter in another. The rooms were automatically ventilated to maintain a constant ambient temperature. Available floor space was of 0.75 m² per pig kept on the slatted floor and 1.20 m² per pig kept on the deep litter. With this last system, about 46 kg of straw were supplied per pig throughout a fattening period. The slurry pit was emptied and the litter removed after each batch. Once a month, the emissions of ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water vapour (H₂O) were measured continuously for 6 consecutive days by infra-red photoacoustic detection.The performance of the animals was not significantly different according to the floor type.Gaseous emissions from pigs raised on the slatted floor and on the deep litter were, respectively, 6.2 and 13.1 g per pig per day for NH₃, 0.54 and 1.11 g per pig per day for N₂O, 16.3 and 16.0 g per pig per day for CH₄, 1.74 and 1.97 kg per pig per day for CO₂ and 2.48 and 3.70 kg per pig per day for H₂O. Except for the CH₄ emissions, all the differences were significant (P < 0.001). Thus, pig fattening on deep litter releases nearly 20% more greenhouse gases than on slatted floor, with 2.64 and 2.24 kg of CO₂-equivalents, respectively (P < 0.001). Whatever the floor type, emissions increased from the beginning to the end of the fattening periods by about 5 times for NH₃, 4 times for N₂O, 3 times for CH₄ and 2 times for CO₂ and H₂O. Correlation coefficients between CO₂-emissions and H₂O, NH₃ and CH₄ emissions were, on average for both floor types, 0.82, 0.77 and 0.74, respectively.Although rearing pigs on straw generally has a good brand image for the consumer, this rearing system produces more pollutant gases than keeping pigs on slatted floors.  相似文献   

三江平原小叶章枯落物分解及硫素释放动态     

李新华  刘景双  杨继松 《中国草地学报》2006,28(3):1-4,15

利用分解袋法研究了三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物在两个生长季的分解动态和硫素释放规律。结果表明：小叶章枯落物的分解模式为快一慢交替的变化模式。残留率随着时间逐渐降低，分解480d后小叶章典型草甸枯落物的残留率为70．87％，小叶章沼泽化草甸枯落物的残留率为66．28％，其二者相应的分解速率分别为0．0006117d^-1和0．0006745d^-1，二者的质量损失没有显著差异。二者枯落物中硫素的浓度在分解过程中均呈波动变化，并和干物质残留率存在线性关系，硫素释放模式为：淋溶一固持一释放，C：S是决定其释放模式的主要因素，当C：S降至908．59时小叶章典型草甸枯落物中硫素开始迅速释放，而小叶章沼泽化草甸枯落物硫素开始释放的C：S是1451．41。  相似文献   

Tree identity surpasses tree diversity in affecting the community structure of oribatid mites (Oribatida) of deciduous temperate forests     

《Soil biology & biochemistry》2013

The role of tree diversity and identity as determinants of soil animal community structure is little understood. In a mature deciduous forest dominated by beech we identified clusters of one, two and three tree species of beech, ash and lime allowing to investigate the role of tree species diversity and identity on the density and community structure of oribatid mites. To relate oribatid mite community structure to environmental factors we measured leaf litter input, fine root biomass, mass of organic layers, topsoil pH and C and N content. We expected oribatid mite density to increase with increasing tree diversity, but we expected the effects of tree species identity to override effects of tree diversity. Further, we hypothesized the density of oribatid mites to be reduced by the presence of beech but increased by the presence of lime and ash. As expected tree diversity little affected oribatid mite communities, whereas tree species identity strongly altered density and community structure of oribatid mites. However, in contrast to our expectations the density of oribatid mites was highest in presence of beech indicating that many oribatid mite species benefit from the presence of recalcitrant litter forming thick organic layers. Especially Oppioidea benefited from the presence of beech presumably due to an increased availability of food resources such as fungi and nematodes. Lower density of oribatid mites in monospecific clusters of lime and ash suggests that oribatid mites did not benefit from high quality litter of these species. Notably, large and strongly sclerotized oribatid mite species, such as Steganacarus magnus and Chamobates voigtsi, benefited from the presence of ash and lime. Presumably, these large species better resist harsh microclimatic conditions in shallow organic layers.  相似文献