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马尾松针叶中挥发性成分的鉴定及其对马尾松毛虫的触角电位反应 总被引：24，自引：6，他引：24
马尾松Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ针叶的挥发物由溶剂提取和真空蒸馏制得。用气相色谱和气相色谱－质谱，由挥发物中鉴定出了２０种成分。它们主要是单萜烯、单萜烯醇、单萜烯乙酸酯和倍半萜烯。用正常和剪除触角的雌蛾研究针叶挥发物在马尾松毛虫Ｄｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍｕｓ ｐｕｎｃｔｕｔａｓ产卵场所选择中的作用。试验表明正常雌蛾在针叶上的产卵量要比剪除触角的高得多。触角电位（ＥＡＧ）研究表明无论是交配的还是未交配 相似文献
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Invertebrate weed seed predation is an important component of weed seed loss in agricultural fields. This study investigated the role of seed imbibition on the selection and consumption of the seeds of seven common agricultural weed species by Harpalus pensylvanicus De Geer, a granivorous carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) that is found throughout North America. The volatile organic compounds released by ambient dry and imbibed weed seeds were quantified, and Y-tube bioassays were conducted to determine if H. pensylvanicus individuals responded to volatile compounds released from weed seeds. H. pensylvanicus individuals were found to consume higher masses of seeds for each weed species examined in imbibed versus ambient dry trials (P < 0.05). Larger seeded species had the greatest increase in mass consumption between dry seed and imbibed seed trials. The seeds from the seven weed species examined released carbon dioxide and ethylene when ambient dry and imbibed, but H. pensylvanicus adults were only able to detect weed seeds through olfaction when volatile release was highest as a result of imbibition. These results demonstrate that seed imbibition is important in determining seed detection and consumption by invertebrates and may affect seed banks in agricultural fields. 相似文献
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从蝶类成虫食性、觅食成虫利用视觉和嗅觉对补充营养物的定向、识别与选择和蜜源植物与成虫的兼容性以及学习行为等方面综述了影响蝶类成虫觅食行为的因子,并概述了蝶类觅食行为的生态机制以及野生蝶类种群保护和取食行为调控剂的应用前景. 相似文献
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Longline fisheries throughout the world have frequent and often fatal interactions with seabirds. We experimentally tested one possible solution to seabird-fisheries interactions that was proposed by a New Zealand longline fisherman. This involved dripping school shark Galeorhinus galeus liver oil on the ocean surface behind fishing vessels. We tested the efficacy of shark liver oil in reducing the numbers of seabirds attending fishing vessels and the number of dives seabirds executed in pursuit of pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus baits. We conducted trials in northern New Zealand where seabird assemblages include the globally vulnerable black petrel Procellaria parkinsoni. Shark liver oil was effective in reducing both seabird numbers and dives on baits, compared to canola oil and seawater control treatments. Comparisons of seabird responses to shark liver oil and vegetable oil suggest that shark liver oil acts as an olfactory or chemesthetic deterrent for seabirds. Further work should include testing the oil with additional seabird species and investigating active ingredients and habituation of seabirds to the oil in order to assess wider opportunities for long-term use of shark liver oil to reduce seabird bycatch. 相似文献
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Palatants may be added to equine feed and medication either during or after manufacturing to enhance product acceptance. Prior studies have examined a variety of palatants but results have been limited and inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate topically applied oil–based palatants on feeding preferences in horses. Stock-type horses (n = 10) were used in this paired preference test across a two-phase study. Phase one compared six palatants (banana, anise, peppermint, apple, spearmint, and orange) to a control (corn oil), whereas phase two compared preference among palatants (anise, apple, and peppermint). Feeding stocks were utilized and horses were allowed 15 seconds for olfaction followed by 3 minutes for consumption. Variables recorded included first diet sniffed and consumed, first action, aversive behaviors, excessive salivation, and consumption. Each trial was also video-recorded and number of chews were counted. Data were analyzed using chi-square and t tests in SAS version 9.4 with P < .05 established as significant. Findings from phase one reveal excessive salivation was observed less frequently (P < .05) for most palatants with the exception of peppermint and orange. Orange negatively impacted palatability indicated by less consumption when compared with the control (P = .02), although there was no impact on chews per gram. No difference between control and treatment diets for first sniff or first consumed was observed when analyzed individually in either phase one or two, although there was a moderate positive correlation (ф = 0.39, P = .04) between olfaction and consumption during the peppermint and anise comparison. Consumption as the first action was consistent across all trials (P < .05). Anise was preferred over apple and peppermint as indicated by higher total consumption (P < .05) in phase two. These data indicate that oil-based palatants can affect feed preferences in horses with increased palatability from anise and decreased palatability from orange flavors. 相似文献
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The relevance of chemical communication to mammalian conservation is not often the focus of scientific investigation. Our review identifies and discusses ten key areas in which the study of chemical communication aids conservation behaviour. Articles (n = 140) were revealed, most were concerned with population monitoring (22.50%), reducing human-wildlife conflicts (18.93), influencing habitat selection (18.57%), increasing welfare of captive animals (12.86%), encouraging captive breeding (12.86%), reducing predation (5.71%), and increasing the success of release programmes (5.00%). Few articles (<4%) were found relating olfactory studies to health status of wild populations, reducing hybridization or as indication of pollution. A growing number of articles are addressing how olfactory studies may aid conservation, but more rigorous experimental testing and manipulations are required. The vast majority of studies linking olfaction with conservation involved the population monitoring of wild carnivores. We suggest that animal behavioural studies and manipulations of chemical communication can have significant impacts on conservation in these areas, which should be further developed to generate practical applications. Areas of future study include chemical communication of aquatic mammalian species, the transfer of olfactory cues under water, and the identification of genetic markers that may link ‘personality’ with olfactory responses. Linking olfactory studies to fitness, either on an individual or population scale, particularly in a wider ecological context is more likely to increase conservation value. Animal translocations and reintroduction programmes may offer a means to do this and could be an important area to direct future studies. 相似文献
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用四臂嗅觉仪观测家蚕对非桑科植物的选择行为 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
昆虫嗅觉、味觉等感受系统与其对宿主植物的识别、找寻、取食直接相关,也是研究昆虫与植物相互作用的重要内容。设计并制作观测家蚕行为的四臂嗅觉仪,应用于分析家蚕幼虫被宿主植物桑树的叶片与非宿主植物青蒿和樟树的叶片引诱而产生的行为反应。观测结果表明,非宿主植物青蒿的叶片对家蚕幼虫的引诱作用比宿主植物桑树叶片的引诱作用强,而樟树叶对2、3龄起蚕的引诱作用与桑叶无明显差异。家蚕幼虫对青蒿叶和樟树叶有咬食行为,对桑叶有持续进食行为。该结果证实:家蚕利用灵敏的嗅觉系统可识别植物挥发性气味物质,定位食物源,从而产生趋向行为;家蚕的味觉系统可能直接决定取食的初始行为及在短时间内是否持续、大量取食某种植物的行为。 相似文献
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[目的]了解不同生育期蓖麻叶片乙醇提取物对斜纹夜蛾的影响,为蔬菜斜纹夜蛾的生物防治提供参考.[方法]研究了3个生育期（初果期、盛果期、成熟前期）蓖麻叶片提取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的嗅觉反应、取食行为和幼虫成活率的影响.[结果]提取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫2龄和5龄幼虫的驱避率均在69％以上;和对照相比,幼虫对处理包菜的取食量下降了42.46％ ～47.08％,取食活动次数和取食时间减少,幼虫的成活率下降了38.10％ ～52.39％.3个生育期的提取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的驱避作用强弱顺序依次为成熟前期、盛果期、初果期,但在斜纹夜蛾幼虫的取食量、成活率上没有明显差异.[结论]蓖麻叶片对斜纹夜蛾具有一定的驱避作用和抗生作用. 相似文献
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Eighteen male English Pointers (2-4 years of age, 23.94+/-0.54 kg body weight) were allotted to three diet and two physical conditioning groups to evaluate the effect of level and source of dietary fat on the olfactory acuity of canine athletes subjected to treadmill exercise. Diet groups (6 dogs/diet) consisted of commercially prepared diets (minimum of 26% crude protein) containing 12% fat as beef tallow (A), 16% fat provided by equivalent amounts of beef tallow and corn oil (B), or 16% fat provided by equivalent amounts of beef tallow and coconut oil (C). This dietary formulation resulted in approximately 60% of the total fatty acid being saturated for diets A and C, while approximately 72% of the total fatty acids were unsaturated in diet B. One-half of the dogs within each dietary group were subjected to treadmill exercise 3 times per week for 30 min (8.05 km/h, 0% grade) for 12 weeks. All dogs were subjected to a submaximal exercise stress test (8.05 km/h, 10% slope for 60 min) every four weeks beginning at week 0. Olfactory acuity was measured utilizing behavioral olfactometry before and after each physical stress test. Non-conditioned (NON) dogs displayed a greater decrease (P<0.05) in olfactory acuity following exercise, while physically conditioned (EXE) dogs did not show a change from pre-test values. A diet by treatment interaction (P<0.10) was detected over the course of the study. NON dogs fed coconut oil had decreased odorant-detecting capabilities when week 4 values were compared with week 12 values. Feeding a diet that is predominately high in saturated fat may affect the odorant-detecting capabilities of working dogs. Additionally, these data indicate that utilization of a moderate physical conditioning program can assist canine athletes in maintaining olfactory acuity during periods of intense exercise. 相似文献