草地类型梯度分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李卫军  许鹏 《草业学报》1994,3(2):6-11

紫泥泉地区位于天山北坡低山带，具有代表性的冬春秋放牧场。本文应用数量分类（ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ）、排序（ＤＣＡ）和回归分析方法研究了草地类型的分类及其分布的梯度规律。研究结果表明：该地区的草地类型按传统分类划分出１８个型，ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ分类结合ＤＣＡ排序归纳出８个型，其中６个型为地带性草地类型，２个型为非地带性草池类型；地带性草地类型沿水热梯度分布，非地带性草地类型沿质地梯度分布。  相似文献   

Kangaroo rats: Ecosystem engineers on western rangelands     

William S. Longland  Lindsay A. Dimitri 《Herpetological Monographs》2021,43(2):72-80

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黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

谭贞学  王占礼  刘俊娥  袁殷  陈浩  王莎  申楠  焦念 《中国水土保持科学》2011,9(5):1-6

细沟径流输沙是细沟侵蚀产沙的重要过程,阐明细沟径流输沙与水动力学参数之间的关系可以有效地揭示细沟径流输沙的动力学机制,并为建立细沟侵蚀过程物理模型奠定基础。采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验,研究黄土坡面细沟径流输沙对水动力学参数的响应关系。结果表明:1)一次降雨径流产生的细沟输沙模数对水动力学参数平均值响应关系大小顺序为平均水流断面单位能量(R=0.99)>平均水流功率(R=0.88)>平均水流切应力(R=0.82)>平均单位水流功率(R=0.76);2)降雨径流过程中,细沟输沙率对水动力学参数瞬时值响应关系为水流切应力(R=0.88)>水流功率(R=0.47),水流断面单位能量和单位水流功率的相关性较差,细沟输沙率对水流切应力的响应关系呈幂函数方程关系。  相似文献   

黄土坡面细沟水流佛汝德数试验研究     

陆绍娟  王占礼  申楠  谭贞学 《土壤》2015,47(1):166-170

采用组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟水流水力学特性佛汝德数(Fr)进行试验研究。结果表明:1细沟水流流态判别指标Fr随径流历时的变化,在不同雨强及坡度下皆表现为减小趋势,皆可用指数方程描述;2细沟水流平均Fr随雨强及坡度的增大而增大,可分别用幂函数方程和指数方程描述,随雨强、坡度的变化可用二元指数方程描述;3在不同雨强及坡度下,一次降雨径流过程的细沟水流平均Fr变化于6.309~7.336之间,表明坡面细沟水流流态属于急流。  相似文献   

Assessment of tillage translocation and tillage erosion by hoeing on the steep land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

J. H. Zhang  D. A. Lobb  Y. Li  G. C. Liu 《Soil & Tillage Research》2004,75(2):99-107

Most of the tillage erosion studies have focused on the effect of tractor-plough tillage on soil translocation and soil loss. Only recently, have a few studies contributed to the understanding of tillage erosion by manual tillage. Furthermore, little is known about the impact of tillage erosion in hilly areas of the humid sub-tropics. This study on tillage erosion by hoeing was conducted on a purple soil (Regosols) of the steep land, in Jianyang County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China (30°24′N and 104°35′E) using the physical tracer method.

The effects of hoeing tillage on soil translocation on hillslopes are quite evident. The tillage transport coefficients were 26–38 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass and 121–175 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass respectively for k₃- and k₄-values. Given that there was a typical downslope parcel length of 15 m and two times of tillage per year in this area, the tillage erosion rates on the 4–43% hillslopes reached 48–151 Mg ha⁻¹ per year. The downslope soil translocation is closely related to slope gradient. Lateral soil translocation by such tillage is also obvious though it is lower than downslope soil translocation. Strong downslope translocation accounts for thin soil layers and the exposure of parent materials/rocks at the ridge tops and on convexities in the hilly areas. Deterioration in soil quality and therefore reduction in plant productivity due to tillage-induced erosion would be evident at the ridge tops and convex shoulders.  相似文献   

Land degradation,stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe     

N. O. J. Abel  P. M. Blaikie 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1989,1(2):101-123

Communal rangeland management policies in Botswana and Zimbabwe are based on incorrect technical assumptions about the stability of semiarid rangeland, the nature of rangeland degradation, and the benefits of destocking. Consequently, inappropriate policies, stressing the need to destock and stabilise the rangelands, are pursued. Acknowledgement of the great instability but intrinsic resilience of rangeland would encourage the Governments to more favourably regard the opportunistic stocking strategies of the agro-pastoralists of the Communal Areas. However, degradation of rangelands is occurring, although at varying rates. This justifies the promotion of a ‘tracking strategy’, in which livestock densities are encouraged to follow, more closely that at present, variations in rainfall. The establishment of grazing territories controlled by specific ‘communities’ may be a prerequisite for the promotion of the tracking strategy, and for communal rangeland management and improvement. However, the establishment of such territories must take into account social equity, institutional problems and transaction costs, as well as spatial and temporal variation in rangeland resources.  相似文献   

振动平板压实机的使用性能试验     

茅也冰  王乃康 《北京林业大学学报》1998,20(5):47-51

该文对为黄土高原径流林业集水坡面压实作业所设计的轻型振动平板压实机的使用性能进行了测定,结果表明机器压实后的土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤硬度、机器生产率、作业成本等各项指标均大大优于人工作业．当在大片土地上连片作业时,机器作业的生产率是人工作业的５０倍,成本是人工作业的１／５,土壤硬度、土壤容重均高于人工作业．在小块地作业时移动和起动频繁,作业的辅助时间较长,但机器作业的生产率也达到人工作业的３５倍,成本是人工作业的１／４．这些确定了机械压实在集水坡面压实作业中使用的可行性．  相似文献   

Landscape patterns and agriculture: modelling the long-term effects of human practices on Pinus sylvestris spatial dynamics (Causse Mejean, France)     

Paul Caplat  Jacques Lepart  Pascal Marty 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(5):657-670

This paper focuses on understanding human impact on landscape. Both ecological and human practices are analysed as interacting processes. An agent-based model integrating biological and historical knowledge is used to analyse the pattern of Scots Pine encroachment in a French Mediterranean upland. In the STIPA model, pine trees are autonomous agents and a cellular automaton simulates land-use. We test the effects of shifting cultivation on tree establishment at the landscape scale. This allows us to understand how agropastoral practices patterned this area from the 17th to 19th century: simulations show the importance of shifting cultivation in limiting woodland progression. Fallow duration linked to environmental heterogeneity is a significant factor for explaining pine dynamics and landscape patterning at the scale of the study region. We put this result in perspective with current rangeland management policies that often consider grazing as the most relevant tool for open landscape maintenance. Our results also show the importance of taking into account time-scale effects when linking landscape patterns to agricultural systems.  相似文献   

Landscape improvement, or ongoing degradation – reconciling apparent contradictions from the arid rangelands of Western Australia     

Hugh J. R. Pringle  Ian W. Watson  Ken L. Tinley 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(8):1267-1279

Recent quantitative site-based monitoring and qualitative aerial and ground traverses provide contrasting assessments of the health of much of the arid shrublands of Western Australia extensively grazed by livestock (‘rangelands’). Although these results seem incompatible, we explain the apparent contradictions based on landscape succession processes operating at multiple levels of ecological organisation. Specifically, we suggest that the intact areas in which site-based monitoring is conducted are contracting as catchment canalisation and desiccation increase. However, the impacts of these processes have not yet become manifest at the site scale. The site-based system addresses important regional questions. These relate to the large, relatively intact areas away from most active surface flows, which should be a focus for resource conservation, given practical limits to repairing widespread degradation with low management inputs. We provide a complementary set of questions to provide a more comprehensive audit of rangeland dynamics in the context of underlying hierarchical landscape patterns and processes that might threaten intact areas. We recognise the need to match questions and levels of ecological organisation and the implications these have for sampling. We also recognise the difficulty in producing concise statements of change for clients when reporting on complex ecological issues and processes. Without a clearly articulated, and well understood, hierarchical model of pattern and process within which apparently contradictory findings can be reported meaningfully, policy makers may be confused by the results, with the consequent risk of policy inaction.  相似文献   

利用遥感技术监测锡林郭勒天然草原利用强度方法初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘爱军  韩建国 《中国草地学报》2007,29(2):70-74

利用多时相的遥感数据，对2005年锡林郭勒天然草原生长期放牧利用强度进行了信息提取、监测和制图。结果表明：在牧草生长季节，天然草原各旬度的利用强度与植被指数旬度变动系数成反比，并与降雨和植被长势时空分布格局相一致；放牧初期旬度变动系数下降4％左右，利用强度较轻，处于轻度过牧状态；6月中旬以后，旬度变动系数下降12％～20％之间，利用强度加重，处于中度超载过牧状态；8月下旬后植物生长停止，旬度变动系数下降27％左右，利用强度最重，处于重度超载过牧状态。遥感监测结果经过地面同步采集数据验证，监测精度达到79．6％。  相似文献