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1.
两种除草剂复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
以赤子爱胜蚓为研究对象,采用滤纸急性毒性实验,研究了农药绿麦隆与阿特拉津对蚯蚓的单一和复合毒性效应,2种农药对蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD酶)活力的影响以及通过苏木素-伊红(HE)染色病理染色切片观察了染毒蚯蚓的细胞形态。单一毒性实验表明,阿特拉津对蚯蚓的毒性大于绿麦隆,绿麦隆和阿特拉津48 h的半致死浓度分别为189.64和43.33 mg.L-1。复合毒性实验表明,绿麦隆分别与30和40 mg.L-1阿特拉津复合,其48 h的半致死量分别为116.03和48.14 mg.L-1。绿麦隆和阿特拉津的复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性具有明显的协同作用,而这种协同作用与污染物的浓度有关。通过观察单一和复合体系中毒蚯蚓SOD酶活力可以看出,无论是单一还是复合体系,随着2种农药浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内SOD酶活性增强。病理HE切片表明,随着绿麦隆浓度的增加,蚯蚓表皮和肠道受损越来越严重,而阿特拉津单体系和绿麦隆与阿特拉津复合体系中毒蚯蚓的消化道破损比较严重,说明绿麦隆和阿特拉津进入蚯蚓体内后作用的部位不同。 相似文献
2.
通过室内模拟试验,研究了硫铵、尿素对绿麦隆在土壤中吸附、解吸作用的影响。结果表明,当绿麦隆与硫铵或尿素同时施入土壤后,土壤对绿麦隆的吸附作用增加,并随氮肥浓度的增加吸附作用增强;用氮肥培养土壤6d后加入绿麦隆,吸附能力为尿素处理>对照>硫铵处理,与未经培养的处理相比降低了6.18%￣30.99%,这与土壤中DOC的含量和种类有关。解吸试验表明,绿麦隆从未经硫铵或尿素培养土壤上的解吸能力高于对照10.53%￣38.60%,而其从用硫铵和尿素培养6d土壤上的解吸能力与对照无明显差异。另外,其与未经培养的土壤相比,解吸能力增加了大约2倍。这些结果表明,硫铵和尿素影响绿麦隆在土壤中的吸附、解吸作用,从而影响绿麦隆在土体中的迁移。 相似文献
3.
BACKGROUND: It is important to understand the degradation of organic molecules in surface waters to ensure that risk assessments, intended to prevent adverse effects on human health and the environment, are robust. One important degradation mechanism in surface waters is photodegradation. This process is generally studied in laboratory test systems, and the significance of the results is then extrapolated to the field. The aim of this work was to assess how fluctuations in the composition of surface water influence the photodegradation rate of chlorotoluron. RESULTS: Photodegradation DT50 values in the lake (mean = 26.0 days) and pond (mean = 26.0 days) were significantly slower than in the river (mean = 6.8 days) and stream (mean = 7.3 days) samples. The DT50 values in the pond and lake samples were similar to the direct photolysis value (mean = 28.6 days). Photodegradation was significantly faster in the stream and river samples, suggesting that indirect photolysis was significant in those waters. Principal component analysis indicated a strong inverse correlation between nitrate concentration and degradation rate. CONCLUSIONS: Nitrate concentration had a strong influence on the rate of photodegradation, with increasing nitrate concentrations sharply reducing the DT50. However, this effect was restricted to a narrow concentration range and levelled off quite quickly, such that further increases in the nitrate concentration had no significant effect on the rate of degradation. Extrapolating photodegradation rates of chlorotoluron from the laboratory to the field should be relatively straightforward, provided the nitrate concentrations in the waters are known. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
4.
采用批平衡实验,研究绿麦隆在单一及复合污染体系中的吸附-解吸行为。结果表明,无论是单一体系还是复合体系,吸附等温线均可用Freundlich模型进行良好的拟合。随着阿特拉津浓度的增加,土壤对绿麦隆的吸附作用降低,表明绿麦隆和阿特拉津之间存在竞争吸附,这可能与土壤的有机质类型和绿麦隆、阿特拉津的性质、结构有关。解吸实验表明,随着阿特拉津的浓度增加,绿麦隆的解吸作用增加。吸附过程的拟合指数n值大于解吸过程的对应值,即绿麦隆在不同体系中的解吸作用均存在一定的滞后性。应用Freundlich解吸等温线参数对吸附-解吸等温线的滞后作用进行量化,CT、（CT＋0.5AT）、（CT＋1AT）和（CT＋2AT）处理解吸等温线的滞后系数ω分别为165.200,146.132,94.534和85.945,即随阿特拉津浓度增加,绿麦隆解吸等温线的滞后性降低。 相似文献
5.
可溶性有机物对土壤中绿麦隆吸附与解吸的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
A batch equilibrium techniques was used to examine the effect of dissolved organic matter （DOM） extracted from both non-treated sludge （NTS） and heat-expanded sludge （HES） on the sorption and desorption of chlorotoluron （3-（3-chloro-p-tolyl）-1,1-dimethylurea） in two types of soils, a yellow fluvo-aquic and a red soil from China. Without DOM,sorption of chlorotoluron was significantly greater （P 〈 0.05） in the red soil than in the yellow fluvo-aquic soil. However,with DOM the effect was dependent on the soil type and nature of DOM. Chlorotoluron sorption was lower in the yellow fluvo-aquic soil than in the red soil, suggesting that with the same DOM levels the yellow fluvo-aquic soil had a lower sorption capacity for this herbicide. Application of DOM from both NTS and HES led to a general decrease in sorption to the soils and an increase in desorption from the soils. Desorption of chlorotoluron also significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） with an increase in the DOM concentration. Additionally, for sorption and desorption, at each DOM treatment level the NTS treatments were significantly lower （P 〈 0.05） than the HES treatments. This implied that non-treated sludge had a greater effect on the sorption and desorption of chlorotoluron than heat-expanded sludge. 相似文献
6.
Thirty separate soil samples were taken from different locations at the Brimstone farm experimental site, Oxfordshire, UK. Incubations of isoproturon under standard conditions (15 °C; ?33 kPa soil water potential) indicated considerable variation in degradation rate in the soil, with the time to 50% loss (DT50) varying from 6 to 30 days. These differences were confirmed in a second comparative experiment in which degradation rates were assessed in 11 samples of the same soil in two separate laboratories using an identical protocol. There was a significant negative linear relationship (r2= 0.746) between the DT50 values and soil pH in this group of soils. In a third experiment, degradation rates of the related compound chlorotoluron were compared with those of isoproturon in 12 separate soil samples, six of which had been stored for several months, and six of which were freshly collected from the field. Degradation of both herbicides occurred more slowly in the stored samples than in the fresh samples but, in all of them, chlorotoluron degraded more slowly than isoproturon, and there was a highly significant linear relationship (r2=0.916) between the respective DT50 values. 相似文献
7.
An RP-HPLC method for the quantitative determination of chlorotoluron in technical products and formulations has been developed, using as column μBondapak C18, 250×4·6 (ID) mm, as eluent methanol+water+acetic acid (60+40+0·1 by volume), with detection by UV at 243 nm. Recoveries were 99·3–100%, RSD (n=5)<0·47%. © of SCI. 相似文献
8.
采用批平衡实验,研究绿麦隆在单一及复合污染体系中的吸附-解吸行为.结果表明,无论是单一体系还是复合体系,吸附等温线均可用Freundlich模型进行良好的拟合.随着阿特拉津浓度的增加,土壤对绿麦隆的吸附作用降低,表明绿麦隆和阿特拉津之间存在竞争吸附,这可能与土壤的有机质类型和绿麦隆、阿特拉津的性质、结构有关.解吸实验表明,随着阿特拉津的浓度增加,绿麦隆的解吸作用增加.吸附过程的拟合指数n值大于解吸过程的对应值,即绿麦隆在不同体系中的解吸作用均存在一定的滞后性.应用Freundlich解吸等温线参数对吸附-解吸等温线的滞后作用进行量化,CT、(CT+0.5AT)、(CT+1AT)和(CT+2AT)处理解吸等温线的滞后系数ω分别为165.200,146.132,94.534和85.945,即随阿特拉津浓度增加,绿麦隆解吸等温线的滞后性降低. 相似文献
9.
Richard H. Bromilow Avis A. Evans Peter H. Nicholls Alan D. Todd Geoffrey G. Briggs 《Pest management science》1996,48(1):63-72
Concern has been expressed that repeated use of pesticides may be leading to accumulation of residues in soil and to damaging effects on the environment. A long-term experiment, known as the Chemical Reference Plots, was started in 1974 on a silty clay loam soil at Rothamsted in which plots received applications of up to five pesticides (aldicarb, benomyl, chlorfenvinphos, glyphosate and chlorotoluron or triadimefon), each plot receiving the same treatment annually for up to 20 years. Spring barley was grown each year, and its yield was taken as an indicator of soil fertility. The glyphosate and triadimefon were applied to the autumn stubble prior to ploughing from growing seasons 1980 and 1982 respectively, chlorotoluron was sprayed pre-emergence (1974 and 1976 only) and the other compounds were incorporated into the soil in spring immediately before sowing (1974–1993 inclusive). No deleterious effects on crop productivity were observed from these pesticide applications, and no differences could be found in microbial processes in soils sampled in April 1992 save for a small increase in the amount of microbial-biomass carbon in plots receiving aldicarb. No pesticide residues could be detected in soil taken in August 1994, 17 months after the last experimental treatment. In laboratory incubations using these same soil samples, the degradation of aldicarb residues was greatly enhanced in plots that had received aldicarb for 20 years, whereas degradation rates of benomyl, chlorfenvinphos and triadimefon residues were not influenced by the treatment history. 相似文献
10.
为评价常用除草剂绿麦隆的用药安全性,利用有机溶剂固液萃取的提取技术,通过对振荡时间提取回收率的对比,确定提取时间为2 h,在此基础上,采用C18色谱柱分离,乙腈-水洗脱,在243 nm下测定玉米植株、玉米籽粒和土壤中残留的绿麦隆农药的高效液相色谱分析方法。该方法绿麦隆的最低检出量为1.0×10-3 ng,最低检出浓度为0.001 mg/kg。加标回收率90.4%~108.8%。说明该方法易于操作,回收率高,是测定玉米和土壤中绿麦隆的有效定量方法。 相似文献