Long-term modelling of weed control strategies: analysis of threshold-based options for weed species with contrasted competitive abilities     

N M Munier-Jolain  B Chavvel  & J Gasquez 《Weed Research》2002,42(2):107-122

A simple life-cycle-based demography model was adapted for two contrasting weed species ( Alopecurus myosuroides and Poa annua ). This model included a seed production function that accounted for population self-regulation through weed:weed interactions. The A. myosuroides version of the model was tested with field data. Long-term simulations of population demography were then performed to investigate the relationship between weed control strategies based on density thresholds and both the frequency of herbicide use and the long-term economic profitability. This study confirms that threshold-based weed management strategies are more cost-effective than spraying every year and may allow important reductions in herbicide use. However, after the first transient years of either systematically spraying or withholding herbicide, the long-term spraying frequency was insensitive to threshold values between 0.01 and 100 plants m⁻². The highest long-term profitability was obtained for the lowest threshold tested, and the profitability decreased rapidly when the threshold was raised above 4–6 and 10–20 plants m⁻² for A. myosuroides and P. annua respectively. The study thus indicates that the exact threshold value is of little importance for the long-term reliance of the system on herbicide, provided that it is reasonably low. For species with low competitive ability, high thresholds may be used in some cropping systems to reduce the spraying frequency for environmental considerations, but those options would also reduce the profitability if no compensatory measures were taken.  相似文献   

看麦娘叶片对化感小麦根水提液的生理响应     

邱秋金  李圆萍  王微  陈珊  肖清铁  郑新宇  王经源  林瑞余  林文雄 《中国生态农业学报》2014,22(11):1357-1363

为阐明小麦化感抑草的生理机制,选择强化感小麦‘115/青海麦’、‘92L89’和弱化感小麦‘抗10103’,通过添加浓度为0.2%、0.5%和1.0%的小麦根水提液进行水培试验3周后,测定了各处理看麦娘的鲜重,分析叶片中叶绿素(SPAD值)、可溶蛋白、MDA、类黄酮、总酚的含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性。结果表明,水提液处理显著抑制了看麦娘的生长,抑制率在不同处理浓度及小麦品种间均存在显著差异,强化感小麦的抑制率显著高于弱化感小麦。在处理浓度范围内,不同小麦根水提液的抑制率大小依次为‘115/青海麦’(24.7%~74.3%)‘92L89’(15.7%~71.6%)‘抗10103’(13.8%~61.4%);0.2%、1.0%和5.0%水提液处理的抑制率大小依次为13.8%~24.7%、41.7%~66.4%和61.4%~74.2%。看麦娘叶绿素含量(SPAD值)随处理浓度增大显著降低,可溶蛋白含量,SOD、POD、CAT活性,MDA、类黄酮含量随处理浓度增大显著升高,强化感小麦对看麦娘的生理刺激作用高于弱化感小麦。1.0%‘115/青海麦’及5.0%各小麦水提液处理的看麦娘总酚含量高于对照。可见,小麦化感胁迫提高了看麦娘的保护酶系统活性,增强了抗氧化物质代谢,但显著增强了细胞膜脂质过氧化和叶绿素降解,不利于靶标植物看麦娘的生长。  相似文献   

15%麦极WP对日本看麦娘等麦田恶性禾本科杂草的防治效果   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

浑之英  柴同海  陈丹 《河北农业科学》2007,11(2):36-38,40

采用盆栽方法,研究了15%麦极WP对日本看麦娘、野燕麦、雀麦和节节麦4种麦田恶性禾本科杂草的防治效果.结果表明:麦极300～450g/hm2处理能有效控制2～6叶期的日本看麦娘和野燕麦,但对节节麦和雀麦防效不大.经济用量为300g/hm2,对野燕麦和日本看麦娘的防治效果可分别达到100%和93.2%以上.  相似文献   

山东省小麦田大穗看麦娘抗性水平、靶标抗性机理及田间防除效果测定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高兴祥  李健  张悦丽  李美  房锋 《中国农业科学》2020,53(17):3518-3526

【背景】大穗看麦娘（Alopecurus myosuroides）是我国大陆近几年新发展蔓延的一种恶性禾本科杂草,目前已在山东、河南、河北、安徽等省有分布,且分布面积不断扩大。【目的】明确山东省冬小麦田大穗看麦娘对常用除草剂的抗性水平及部分种群产生抗性的机理,并评价不同除草剂对其田间防除效果,为制定小麦田大穗看麦娘防控技术规程提供理论依据。【方法】室内采用整株生物测定法测定9个大穗看麦娘种群对乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）抑制剂除草剂啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆以及乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）抑制剂除草剂唑啉草酯、炔草酯、精噁唑禾草灵共5种除草剂的抗性水平,并对产生抗性的种群进行靶标基因检测,同时分别在冬前和冬后开展田间试验,评价不同除草剂对大穗看麦娘的田间防除效果。【结果】室内测定结果表明,种群8（JN2）对啶磺草胺和甲基二磺隆产生明显抗性,相对抗性指数分别达到47.32、15.97,靶标基因检测显示,该种群内植株ALS基因编码的第197位点氨基酸发生由脯氨酸（CCC）到苏氨酸（ACC）的突变;所有种群对唑啉草酯、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵均表现敏感。田间试验结果表明,冬前使用除草剂对大穗看麦娘的防除效果优于冬后使用除草剂的效果,冬前唑啉草酯对大穗看麦娘鲜重防效为98.6%,而冬后处理为89.1%;冬前使用啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆对大穗看麦娘的株防效和鲜重防效在72.2%—89.3%,冬后使用则为68.6%—83.2%;唑啉草酯、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵对大穗看麦娘均表现出很好的防除效果,冬前使用的株防效和鲜重防效均在96.2%以上,冬后使用在82.6%—92.2%。【结论】供试的9个大穗看麦娘种群中,发现1个种群对甲基二磺隆、啶磺草胺产生较高抗性,但未发现对唑啉草酯等产生抗性的种群,室内试验和田间试验结果具有一致性。  相似文献   

四倍体及二倍体毛泡桐截干再生特性研究     

梅辉 王 莉 宋兆建 王 维张献华  陈冬玲何玉池 蔡得田 《湖北林业科技》2011,(3):22-25,54

为掌握人工诱导四倍体毛泡桐保持多倍体特性情况及毛泡桐截干再生特性,笔者以5a生四倍体及二倍体毛泡桐截干再生苗为材料,对截干再生苗的倍性、出芽数、生长速率、叶片特性、叶绿素含量及光合特性等进行研究.结果表明:四倍体毛泡桐截干再生苗能很好地保持其多倍体倍性,相对于二倍体来说,出芽数较少,生长较缓慢;气孔增大,气孔密度降低;...  相似文献   

日本囊对虾apo-14基因的全克隆及序列分析          下载免费PDF全文

乔莹  王军  钟声平  刘洪涛  毛勇 《热带生物学报》2013,4(1):17-24

以日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)肝胰腺组织为实验材料,提取总RNA,通过3′以及5 '-RACE基因克隆技术,首次在日本囊对虾中克隆到载脂蛋白apolipoprotein-14(apo-14)基因的全长序列,包含完整的ORF以及3′-UTR和5′-UTR.日本囊对虾apo-14 cDNA序列全长为784 bp,其中ORF长度为420 bp,编码139个氨基酸.对虾apo-14氨基酸序列与其他鱼类apo-14氨基酸序列有较高的相似性.  相似文献   

不同淡水鱼类游泳速度的初步研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

乔云贵  黄洪亮  黄妙芬  徐国栋  殷雷明  陈帅 《湖南农业科学》2012,(15):116-119

以鲫[Carassius auratus(Linnaeus)]、鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)、鳜鱼(siniperca chuatsi)、罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)等4种淡水鱼类为研究对象,利用新型渔用循环水槽测量其临界游速和爆发游速。试验结果表明:水温在20.50±1.00℃,体长为16.88±1.99 cm的鲫相对临界游速为7.69±0.59 BL/s,相对爆发游速为8.64±0.60 BL/s;水温在13.02±1.00℃,体长为31.85±2.89 cm的鲈鱼相对临界游速为2.10±0.14 BL/s,相对爆发游速为2.37±0.11BL/s;水温在18.52±1.00℃,体长为29.46±1.79 cm的鳜鱼相对临界游速为2.50±0.19 BL/s,相爆发游速为4.38±0.24 BL/s;水温在15.57±1.00℃,体长为22.56±2.26 cm的罗非鱼相对临界游速为5.33±0.29 BL/s,相对爆发游速为6.00±0.40 BL/s。  相似文献   

Grain Protein Content of Interspecific Progenies Derivedfrom the Cross of African Rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and Asian Rice (Oryza sativa L.)     

《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):287-293

Abstract

The protein contents of the grain of 50 interspecific progenies developed from the cross between WAB56-104, an Oryza sativa variety, and CG 14, an Oryza glaberrima line, were investigated. In contrast to the higher protein content of O. glaberrima than O. sativa on the average, the protein content of CG 14 was always lower than that of WAB56-104. However, judging from the average of three seasons, 72% of the interspecific progenies had a higher protein content than the mid-parent and 50% of them had a higher protein content than WAB56-104. Although the actual values of protein content of the interspecific progenies were significantly different among the seasons, a highly significant correlation was always observed in protein content between any two of the three seasons. Protein content therefore was considered character of each interspecific progeny though it was also affected by environment. A significant correlation was not observed between paddy yield and protein content in any season; several interspecific progenies showed higher protein content and paddy yield than the mid-parents. A low paddy yield is likely to be associated with high protein content through physiological regulation without a genetic linkage between the two traits. However, the results suggest that the transgressive segregation of protein content observed in the interspecific progenies is attributed not to this physiological regulation but to a certain mechanism to concentrate protein in grains with a genetic background.  相似文献   

饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李雅婷  田梦丽  谢换换  郭天宇  牛津  刘永坚  田丽霞 《动物营养学报》2017,29(2)

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响。以初始均重为(9.05±0.05)g的海鲈幼鱼为试验动物,暂养1周后,挑选规格一致的健康试验鱼480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复(水族箱),每个重复放养30尾鱼。4组试验鱼分别投喂肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽添加水平为0(对照)、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%的试验饲料135 d。结果显示:1)0.50%组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和成活率(SR)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),各添加组的饲料系数(FCR)均显著低于对照组(P0.05),且以0.50%组的FCR最低;2)各添加组的背肌粗脂肪含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05),0.50%组的背肌粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),全鱼的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分和背肌的水分、粗灰分含量在各组之间没有显著差异(P0.05);3)0.25%组的血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和总胆固醇(TC)含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),血清甘油三酯(TG)含量各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05);4)0.50%和0.75%组的血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),0.25%和0.50%组的肝脏溶菌酶(LZM)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),肝脏与血清的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,在饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽能够促进海鲈的生长并提高免疫能力,本试验条件下最适添加水平为0.50%。  相似文献   

Longevity of seeds of four annual grass and two dicotyledon weed species as related to placement in the soil and straw disposal technique     

P K JENSEN 《Weed Research》2009,49(6):592-601

Persistence of seeds of the four winter annual grass species, Alopecurus myosuroides , Bromus sterilis , Bromus hordeaceus and Vulpia myuros , were studied under field conditions. The studies also included the two dicotyledon species, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Galium aparine . Seed samples were stored in the field at different depths in the plough layer for a year. Following germination, seedling emergence was taken as an indicator of field persistence. In a supplementary investigation, seed samples were placed on the soil surface or buried at 2 cm for a month and then tested for viability. Persistence of the two Bromus species was very short, irrespective of depth and duration of burial. Persistence of the other species was positively correlated with incorporation of seeds to a few centimetres depth. Increasing the depth of incorporation below 2 cm had a variable influence on persistence. Persistence of seeds placed directly on the soil surface was short, whether they were left there for a year or a month. Whether seeds at the soil surface were left uncovered or covered with chopped straw had limited influence on seed persistence. However, straw cover significantly increased persistence of A. myosuroides seeds and there was the same tendency with T. inodorum .  相似文献