Environmental assessment tools for the evaluation and improvement of European livestock production systems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Niels Halberg  Hayo M.G. van der Werf  Randi Dalgaard 《Livestock Production Science》2005,96(1):33-50

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Societal expectations of livestock farming in relation to environmental effects in Europe     

J.A. Milne 《Livestock Production Science》2005,96(1):3-9

The potential environmental effects of livestock farming are mainly associated with intensification of poultry, pig and dairy cow production systems. The major impacts are mainly caused by housing of livestock, which can lead to air and water pollution associated with nitrogen and phosphorus emissions and losses from manure. European countries regulate the potential for these types of pollution through a number of mechanisms, which have received wide public acceptance. In grazing systems, nitrogen pollution, associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer, is also the subject of legislation. Perhaps because of this regulatory approach, surveys of the public have found that human food quality and animal welfare are more important issues than effects on air and water quality when considering livestock systems.Variation in stocking rates of grazing ruminants can change the structure and composition of pastures with potential impacts on biodiversity and the production of methane, a greenhouse gas. In European countries, maximum stocking rates have been set to reduce these impacts. Surveys of the European public have suggested that they are willing to pay for the mitigation of these environmental effects but that they also value strongly the cultural component of grazed livestock systems. There are few underlying concepts about how society views the environmental impacts of livestock systems. These are used to conclude that current attitudes are likely to prevail in the next decade.  相似文献   

Management of Cattle Exposed to Adverse Environmental Conditions     

《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2015,31(2):247-258

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北票市畜牧技术推广体系改革与建设项目实施效果及建议     

盖长青  马占峰 《现代畜牧兽医》2014,(10)

深化基层畜牧技术推广体系改革与建设，旨在提升基层畜牧技术推广体系公共服务能力。北票市畜牧技术推广站通过一系列措施，建立健全新型基层畜牧技术推广服务体系。基层畜牧技术推广体系改革与建设推进了体制机制创新，完善了工作机制，夯实了人才基础，提高了服务效能。通过两年的实践证明，基层畜牧技术推广体系改革与建设项目实施，有效解决了畜牧技术推广服务体系“最后一公里”问题。  相似文献   

金荞麦的化学成分、生理功能及在畜禽养殖中的应用研究进展     

谭露霖  艾蓉  罗文菊  薛红  邓蓉 《贵州畜牧兽医》2016,(3):64-66

金荞麦化学成分复杂,含有黄酮类、萜类、甾体、有机酸等化学成分;具有抗氧化、免疫、抗菌、抗癌等生理功能;粗蛋白含量高,粗纤维含量低,氨基酸种类丰富,有较高的营养价值;金荞麦易繁殖,产量高,是一种适应性强、高产的牧草资源;作为添加剂用于畜禽饲料中有其特殊作用。文章对金荞麦的化学成分、生理功能、营养价值、繁育种植及在畜禽养殖中的应用进行了综述。  相似文献   

Monitoring forage production for farmers’ decision making     

Gonzalo Grigera  Martín OesterheldFernando Pacín 《Agricultural Systems》2007

Objective management of grazing livestock production systems needs monitoring of forage production at the managerial unit level. Our objectives were to develop a system that routinely estimates forage above-ground net primary production (ANPP) at the spatial and temporal resolution required by farmers in the Pampas of Argentina, and to facilitate adoption of the system by end users as a managerial support tool. Our approach was based on the radiation use efficiency (RUE) logic, which proposes that ANPP is determined by the amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (APAR), and the efficiency with which that energy is transformed in above-ground dry matter (radiation use efficiency, RUE). APAR is the product of incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the fraction absorbed by the canopy (fPAR). We estimated fPAR as a non-linear function of MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). RUE was empirically estimated for the two principal forage resources of the region, yielding the following relations: ANPP = 0.6 × APAR + 12, (R² = 0.86; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the upland sown pastures, and ANPP = 0.27 × APAR + 26, (R² = 0.74; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the lowland naturalized pastures, with ANPP in g/m²/60 days and APAR in MJ/m²/60 days. The models were able to predict independent ANPP values with acceptable accuracy. Computational procedures were automated and run in a Relational Data Base Manager System that stored and managed all the information. The system is currently monitoring 212,794 ha in 83 farms and provides monthly ANPP values for the previous month and a history of the last 6 years. The data so generated show ANPP differences between the two major forage resources, considerable variability of a given month’s ANPP among years and paddocks, and contrasting among-farm differences in the efficiency of conversion of ANPP and forage supplements into beef production. The system was well accepted by end users who utilize it mainly for making near real time decisions according to last month ANPP, and explaining results of previous production cycles by incorporating ANPP as an explicative variable. However, there were differences among farmers in the degree of utilization, apparently related to the advisor’s attitude toward this new technology. Our results indicate that (1) forage production of large extensions can be monthly monitored at the paddock level by a small laboratory with capabilities in geographic information systems, and (2) advisors and farmers apply this information to their managerial decisions.  相似文献   

Assessing the options for upland livestock systems under CAP reform: Developing and applying a livestock systems model within whole-farm systems analysis     

K.B. Matthews  I.A. Wright  K. Buchan  D.A. Davies  G. Schwarz   《Agricultural Systems》2006,90(1-3):32-61

This paper presents a scenario-based analysis of the impacts of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform for upland agriculture using a Welsh case-study. Specifically the paper examines the impacts of the introduction of the single-farm payment (SFP), the modulation of direct payments under Pillar I of the CAP and the increase in agri-environment payments under Pillar II. Three enterprises are examined, upland sheep rearing with lamb finishing, spring- and autumn-calving suckler-cattle with calf rearing. These enterprises are modelled under conditions in 2002/3, 2004/5 and for the reformed CAP in 2005/6. To support this analysis a livestock system model (LSM) was implemented. The model assesses alternative management regimen using a flexible state-transition approach. This simplifies the realisation and parameterisation of potentially complex management regimen. The model tracks fodder requirements to achieve targets based on defined diets. The LSM underpins whole-farm analyses of stocking-rates, labour and other resource requirements and net-farm income. From the case study the paper concludes that the impacts of the introduction of the CAP reform on the financial performance of the systems are small but negative (a net reduction of around 5% in support). The larger reduction in direct payments (15–18%) is partially offset by agri-environment measures. The paper concludes that while SFP encourages a more market-oriented outlook, the adaptive capacity within systems as they stand is very limited. There are a range of possible adaptation strategies, but for the uplands the extensification of cattle systems by reducing stock numbers and cutting back on labour seems most probable.  相似文献   

The use of herders’ accounts to map livestock activities across agropastoral landscapes in Semi-Arid Africa     

Turner  Matthew D.  Hiernaux  Pierre 《Landscape Ecology》2002,17(5):367-385

Improved understandings of the agricultural and range ecologies ofsemi-arid Africa require better information on the spatiotemporal distributionof domestic livestock across agropastoral landscapes. An empirical GIS-basedapproach was developed for estimating distributions of herded livestock acrossthree agropastoral territories (around 100 km² each)over a two-year period. Algorithms developed from regression analyses of herdtracking data (with R²s 0.67) are used to transform a morecomprehensive but incomplete set of data generated from herders accounts oftheir herds grazing itineraries (400 herds following 6500 itineraries). Theresulting characterization registers 40 000 days of livestock activitiesacross694 land units (averaging 70 ha) over the study period. This studydemonstrates that rural producers knowledge of their daily extractionpracticescan be translated to fine-grained characterizations of extraction densitiesacross mixed landscapes. The spatiotemporal distribution of livestock that isrevealed by this approach diverges strongly from that predicted bycommonly-usedpoint-diffusion estimation procedures. Instead, the distribution reflects localpatterns of land use, topography, vegetation, settlements, and water points.Grazing and nongrazing times spent in land units are not spatially correlatedand the seasonality of grazing pressure is spatially variable. Therefore, theecological impacts of livestock grazing are spatially variable at fine scalesand there is a significant potential for livestock-mediated nutrient transfersacross agropastoral landscapes. The georeferenced data produced by thisapproachnot only will help evaluate the impact and sustainability of differentmanagement practices but also provides a strong empirical base for improvedspatial modeling of herded livestock.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Hygienic and ecological risks connected with utilization of animal manures and biosolids in agriculture   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jan Venglovsky  Jose Martinez  Iveta Placha   《Livestock Science》2006,102(3):197-203

In recent years the fate of human and animal pathogen microorganisms as a potential pollutant of the environment has been paid increased attention. Substantial quantities of these compounds and their metabolites are excreted, flushed down the drain, discarded as waste, or left over in animal feedlots. After passing to the sewer, several of these compounds are not adequately eliminated by the methods that are currently used in sewage treatment. Substantial quantities of biosolids and livestock manure end up on agricultural land. Effective sanitation of the environment, particularly of some of its special parts, which can be a source of spreading of diseases, plays an important role in prevention of infectious diseases. In this respect special attention should be paid to the disinfection of infected farm animal excrements. Sanitation of excrements should, on the one hand, ensure effective inhibition of infectious agents and, on the other hand, comply with the requirement of preserving the composition of the manure so it can be used in agricultural production.  相似文献   

论祁连县家畜品种改良工作     

冶金全 《中国牛业科学》2007,33(1):46-47

为加快祁连县家畜品种改良步伐,促进当地畜牧业发展,文章在详细介绍祁连县基本情况的基础上,论述了该县家畜品种改良过程中存在的诸如缺乏连续性、存在盲目性、繁育体系不健全、饲养管理条件较差等五个方面的问题,同时就如何加快该县畜种改良工作提出了加强领导、完善服务体系、改善经营管理和采取科学的改良措施等四点建议.  相似文献