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Assessing the effects of initial soil characteristics,machine mass and traffic intensity on forest soil compaction 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An extensive field trial was set up in eight forest stands to examine the influence of soil texture (two stands on sand, four on loam to silt loam, two on clay), machine mass (light, heavy) and traffic intensity (one and five skidding cycles) (i.e. pass back and forth on the skid trail) on soil compaction after mechanized harvesting. Dry bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), micro-topography and soil carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration were applied as response variables for soil compaction. Significant effects on BD were nearly absent (<7% increase) and occurred occasionally for PR (60–70% increase, up to 150% on clay soils). Especially for loam to silt loam and clay soils, this was in contrast with the expectation. The negligible compaction degrees for loam to silt loam are attributed to high initial compaction levels that prevented further compaction, as was found by general linear modelling (GLM) for both BD and PR. For clay soils the small compaction degrees can be explained by the high water contents that result in plastic deformation instead of strong compaction degrees, as was confirmed by the micro-topographical measurements. GLM also revealed a significant impact of machine mass (BD) and soil water content (BD, PR) on the compaction degree. Soil texture, traffic intensity and position in relation to the wheel tracks generally turned out to have an insignificant influence. With regard to clear interactions the influence of traffic intensity depends on the position in relation to the wheel tracks and the machine that was used (PR). 相似文献
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为探索不同为微地形条件下水肥一体化工程技术对干热河谷区桑园果桑商品性状的影响,以盐边县刚成熟、正成熟和过成熟的鲜桑椹为研究对象,对比坡面雨养区(DN)、沟道两旁雨养区(WN)、坡面（水肥一体化）灌溉施肥区(DF)和沟道两旁（水肥一体化）灌溉施肥区(WF)桑椹的果长、果径、体积、质量、密度、果形指数和糖度的差异。结果表明：（1）灌溉施肥可以影响桑椹结果的物候特征,加速桑椹成熟。（2）灌溉施肥、微地形、灌溉施肥和微地形的交互作用对鲜桑椹的果长、果径、体积和果形指数具有极显著影响。（3）成熟度可以显著影响鲜桑椹的果长、果径和体积,但对鲜桑椹果形指数的影响不显著。 （4）在灌溉施肥条件(DF、WF)下,桑椹的成熟度越高,其密度和质量越高;在DN区,过成熟桑椹的密度和质量显著高于刚成熟和正成熟的桑椹;而在WN区,正成熟桑椹的密度质量显著高于过成熟和刚成熟的桑椹密度。（5）平均糖度最高的为WF区的过成熟桑椹,平均糖度高达18.01%,而最低的为WN区的刚成熟桑椹,平均糖度仅为11.76%。（6）DN区和WN区桑椹的商品性状的差异主要是外形和糖度的差异,WN区的桑椹比DN区糖度低、外形大。（7）WF区桑椹与DF区桑椹的商品性状差异不大。上述结果揭示了水分和养分供给调控桑椹商品性状的内在机制,即水分供应可促进鲜桑椹变大变重,施肥可让鲜桑椹口味更甜。 相似文献
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Soil water is an important factor restricting afforestation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.The microtopography of the loess slope has changed the distribution pattern of soil water on the slope.To improve water utilization efficiency and optimize afforestation configuration patterns,the relationship between soil water and precipitation at micro-topographic scale must be studied.We used time series analysis to study the temporal variation of soil water and its response to precipitation in four kinds of micro-topographies and undisturbed slope on loess slopes.Micro-topographies significantly influenced soil water distribution and dynamics on the slopes.Soil water stored in the platform,sinkhole,and ephemeral gully influenced subsequent soil water for 4 weeks,whereas soil water stored in the scarp and undisturbed slope could influence soil water for 2 weeks.It took 12 weeks,10 weeks,18 weeks,6 weeks,and 12 weeks for precipitation to reach the deeper soil layer in the platform,sinkhole,scarp,ephemeral gully,and undisturbed slope,respectively.These soil water characteristics in different micro-topographies are vital factors that should be taken into consideration when undertaking afforestation on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
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以克拉玛依盐渍化砾漠梭梭群落为研究对象,通过对不同形态地形进行植被调查,研究微地形对梭梭植被群落特征的影响。结果表明：研究区域发现植物14种,隶属7科11属,不同地形之间物种组成存在差异;地形改变对梭梭群落草本层和灌木层植被密度、盖度影响显著;地形扰动有利于梭梭群落优势种生物量的提高,地形以深沟效果最优;不同形态地形导致梭梭群落多样性存在差异,深沟物种多样性和丰富度最高,土垄一次之,CK最小。根据梭梭群落盖度、灌木密度、优势种生物量和物种多样性可知,深沟是进行砾漠植被生态恢复的有利工程措施,并为盐渍化砾漠植被恢复提供新途径。 相似文献
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微地形变化对地表水文过程影响的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地表水文过程是土壤-植物-大气连续体（SPAC）系统的关键环节,微地形在降雨再分配过程中发挥着重要作用。本文论述了微地形变化对地表径流、降雨-入渗、蒸散发及土壤水分、溶质运移的影响效应以及在SPAC系统中的反馈作用,旨在通过总结前人在微地形变化影响地表水文过程中的研究成果,明晰微地形变化对降雨、径流、入渗以及蒸散发等过程的影响效应。针对现有研究中存在对微地形种类划分不系统化、尺度界定不清楚以及对微地形变化与地表水文过程间的耦合机制缺乏深入剖析等问题,本文指出应针对不同生态类型区和微地形营造方式对微地形种类进行统一划分,结合微地形测量工具及遥感技术对微地形尺度进行准确界定;在此基础上将长期野外定位观测和短期室内模拟试验相结合,揭示微地形变化与地表水文过程的耦合机制,建立两者之间的模型关系,量化微地形改良措施在区域降水再分配过程中的调节作用,为区域水资源调控提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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宏观尺度上, 气象数据空间插值模拟在气象科学和草地科学研究中一直占据重要的位置。为进一步提高其精度和增强草地类型划分空间分异效果, 本研究在多元回归+残差分析(Analytic Method Based on Multiple Regression and Residues, AMMRR)插值法中增加微地形因子(坡度和坡向), 用普通克里金(OK)函数替换反距离加权(IDW)函数进行残差分析以建立改进型的多元回归+残差分析(I-AMMRR)插值法, 并将其应用于内蒙古自治区>0 ℃年积温(Σθ)、年降水量(r)和湿润度(K)的空间插值模拟。依据草地综合顺序分类系统(Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System of Rangeland, CSCS)原理和I-AMMRR插值技术, 对内蒙古自治区草地进行分类, 并研制了相应的草地综合顺序分类图。研究结果表明: (1)I-AMMRR插值法模拟Σθ和r的绝对平均误差(MAE)、相对平均误差(RME)和均方根误差(RMSE)均小于AMMRR法, 其精度更高。(2)I-AMMRR插值法模拟的内蒙古自治区Σθ、r和K的空间分布格局呈现水平和垂直地带性分布规律, Σθ自东南向西北递增, r和K与Σθ相反。(3)内蒙古自治区草地被划分为从ⅢF38(微温潮湿针叶阔叶混交林类)到ⅢA3(温暖极干温带荒漠类)共计17个草地综合顺序类。其中ⅢB10(微温干旱温带半荒漠类)分布面积最大, ⅣE32(暖温湿润落叶阔叶林类)最小。草地植被空间分布的水平和垂直地带性明显, 与内蒙古自治区植被调查结果基本吻合。 相似文献
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利用纳米磁性材料表征地表溅蚀特征的初探 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
磁性示踪研究坡面土壤侵蚀已取得一定成果,但目前的磁性示踪方法不能满足次降雨后的溅蚀特征研究。因此,在无磁性的石英砂上施用不同浓度(1.5%、2.5%、3.5%)和不同粒径(20 nm、200 nm)的纳米磁性材料,而后进行人工模拟溅蚀试验,利用磁化率仪和3D手持微地形扫描仪研究地表磁性变化与溅蚀后地表特征变化之间的关系,研究利用纳米磁性材料表征溅蚀特征的可行性。结果表明:20 nm磁性材料提高石英砂磁性背景值的幅度远高于200 nm磁性材料且不同浓度的磁性差异极显著,两种纳米磁性材料均呈现出布设浓度越大,示踪时间越长的特点;溅蚀后表层磁化率随溅蚀时间的延长而逐渐衰减,二者呈现出相关性较高的χ_1=aln(t)+b对数函数关系;20 nm磁性材料在3.5%浓度下可有效定量表征出石英砂溅蚀量的变化(p0.01),二者之间的相关关系可用χ_2=a Mb幂函数表示;20 nm磁性材料在溅蚀3 min内的磁化率变化与微地形高差变化呈极显著相关关系(p0.01),说明20 nm磁性材料可以在短时间内有效表征出溅蚀地表的侵蚀程度,可表征出的侵蚀厚度在-5~10 mm内。该研究证明20 nm磁性材料表征溅蚀地表特征的方法在一定程度上是可行的,可为磁性示踪法的深入研究提供新的思路和方法。 相似文献
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