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采用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势典范对应分析法(DCCA)对重庆四面山森林植物群落进行数量分类和排序。TWINSPAN等级分类将四面山50个调查样地划分为14类,代表14个群系,分类的结果比较全面地概括了四面山的森林植被类型,属亚热带性质的次生植被类型。DCCA二维排序的结果与TWINSPAN分类结果较为一致,TWINSPAN分类所得到的14个群系在DCCA二维排序图上均有其相应的分布范围,但不同的森林植物群落间没有显著的分界界线。由海拔决定的土壤水分和温度的综合梯度是决定四面山植物群落分布格局的主要环境因素,坡度和坡位对植物群落的分布也有一定的影响。另外,大面积人工营造杉木林也对植物群落分布起到较大的影响作用。 相似文献
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We examined patterns of variation in richness, diversity, and composition of understory vascular plant communities in mixedwood boreal forests of varying composition (broadleaf, mixedwood, conifer) in Alberta, Canada, before and for 2 years following variable-retention harvesting (clearcut, 20 and 75% dispersed green tree retention, control). Broadleaf-dominated forests differed from mixedwood or conifer-dominated forests in that they had greater canopy cover, litter depth, soil nitrogen, warmer soils, as well as greater shrub cover, herb and shrub richness and diversity (plot scale). In contrast, conifer, and to a lesser extent mixedwood, forest had greater β diversity than broadleaf forest. Overall, mixedwood and conifer forests were similar to one another, both differed from broadleaf forest. Several species were found to be significant indicators of broadleaf forest but most of these also occurred in the other forest types. Understory composition was related to canopy composition and edaphic conditions. Variable-retention harvesting had little effect on understory cover, richness, or diversity but resulted in reduced richness and β diversity at a larger scale. The clearcut and 20% treatments affected composition in all forest types. Early successional species and those common in disturbed sites were indicators of harvesting while evergreen, shade-tolerant understory herbs were indicators of the control forest and 75% retention harvest. We conclude that it is important to maintain a range of variation in canopy composition of mixedwood forests in order to conserve the associated understory communities. The presence of conifers in these forests has a particularly important influence on understory communities. The threshold for a lifeboat effect of variable-retention harvesting is between 20 and 75% retention. Examination of richness and β diversity at a variety of scales can provide interesting information on effects of harvesting on spatial reorganization and homogenization of understory plant communities. 相似文献
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C. A. Offord 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(6):1263-1272
Waratahs (Telopea spp.) are cultivated for their blooms for the international cut flower market. A morphometric study was conducted on a range of cultivated waratah varieties to determine the variability of selected characters of horticultural importance and which parents might be of value in future breeding programs. Univariate analysis of characters of 13 cultivars revealed the greatest range of variation in number of flowers, bract dimensions, flower colour and leaf margin type. Differences were observed between number of flowers per inflorescence in the T. speciosissima (Sm.) R.Br. group of accessions and the other species cultivars; interspecific cultivars with T. mongaensis, Cheel and T. oreades F. Muell. were intermediate, with a similar pattern observed in bract length and width. Multivariate analysis (canonical variate analysis – CVA) discriminated between waratah cultivars on the basis of flower colour (first axis), then flower number, bract length, leaf width and leaf margin type (axis 2). The third axis also separated leaf width, the fourth leaf length and width, and the fifth leaf apex shape, CVA was also used to explore the genetic contribution of three parent T. speciosissima cultivars to hybrid populations. Hybrids with ‘Sunflare’, ‘Sunburst’ or ‘Wirrimbirra White’ as one parent were very dispersed indicating the range of inheritance of the observed phenotypic characters, leading to the possibility of selecting individuals with the required degree of character inheritance. It was demonstrated that the Telopea speciosissima type, which forms the basis of the waratah cut flower industry, may be improved by hybridising with other Telopea species. The application of the results to the development of waratah breeding programs is discussed. 相似文献
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单季稻区蜘蛛群落的研究——多样性,优势度,排序和聚类 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
1987～1988年对江苏省江浦县和安徽省铜陵市两地单季稻区蜘蛛群落进行了调查研究。蜘蛛群落组成共45种，分属于25属10科。群落主要成分是食虫沟瘤蛛Ummeliata insecticeps、草间小黑蛛Erigonidum graminicolum、拟水狼蛛Parata subpirapicus、拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata，个体数以食虫沟瘤蛛占优势。冬作田中以油菜田的蜘蛛群落多样性、均匀度较高。从时间上，稻田蜘蛛群落多样性值在水稻移栽42 d(6月24日)和92 d(9月21日)分别达到高峰，其值分别是3.68531和3.96823，多样性值在水稻生长中后期高于前期，优势集中性指数则相反。从空间上看，迟栽田多样性、均匀度，丰富度高于早栽田，而优势度则相反：迟栽田的群落稳定性高于早栽田。对两地区蜘蛛群落进行排序和模糊聚类分析，表明群落组成的相似性与水稻移栽期关系密切，总体上看稻田蜘蛛群落组成的异值水平较小，不同地区不同年份稻田间蜘蛛群落的差异比同地区相同年份的大。移栽期相同的稻田蜘蛛群落在阈值水平λ很高时就可归为一类。 相似文献
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Throughout eastern North America, stands of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) are undergoing successional replacement by shade-tolerant competitors. In the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence (GLSL) forest region, Q. rubra approaches the northern limit of its distribution, and ecosystem-specific silvicultural directives are needed to promote regeneration. We used an inductive, ordination-based approach to explore patterns in understorey plant community composition and microenvironment under different partial harvest treatments applied in a GLSL hardwood stand, and related these to characteristics of natural seedlings of Q. rubra and its competitors Acer rubrum and Acer saccharum.Two years after harvest, we established 2 m × 2 m plots in a stratified random design under 70% (n = 20) and 50% (n = 19) crown closure uniform shelterwood, group selection (n = 15), and uncut upper slope (n = 10) and lower slope (n = 10) areas. Percent cover of understorey vascular plant species, and a suite of microclimatic and edaphic variables were measured in each plot. Density, mean diameter and mean height of seedlings in the understorey (height <1 m) were determined in each plot for Q. rubra, A. rubrum and A. saccharum.Correspondence analysis (CA) ordination extracted two major axes explaining 21.6% of the total inertia in the species cover by plot matrix. Axis one separated uncut plots from the 50% shelterwood along a gradient of canopy cover associated with partial harvest treatments. Plot scores on axis one (13.2%) reflected a shift in dominance of the understorey from shade-tolerant Acer spp. to shade-intolerant colonizers, Rubus idaeus and Carex spp. Plot scores on axis one were directly (p < 0.05) associated with total understorey plant cover, litter depth, soil temperature and pH, but not with measures of plant diversity. Axis two (8.4%) separated plots from upper slope and lower slope areas, and plot scores were inversely associated (p < 0.05) with soil pH, phosphorus and nitrogen levels. Along axis two there was a shift in dominance from competitive (e.g. A. saccharum) to stress-tolerant (e.g. A. rubrum) species as soil fertility declined. Stepwise linear regression indicated seedling diameter in Q. rubra, A. rubrum and A. saccharum was inversely related to canopy cover. This suggests all three species benefited from partial harvest, although the relationship was strongest in Q. rubra. Patterns in understorey composition, microenvironment and seedling characteristics provide the basis to identify the main competitors of Q. rubra seedlings and adjust regeneration efforts along gradients of canopy closure and soil fertility under partial harvest systems within the GLSL forest region. 相似文献
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Little information is available comparing historic and modern sand savannas, and how remnants respond to restored fire. We compared short- and long-term effects of restored fire on the Tefft Savanna, a 197 ha eastern sand savanna in northwest Indiana that had undergone three decades of fire protection. U.S. Public Land Survey data from Tefft in 1833 indicate black and white oak barrens, and pin oak savanna, with trees averaging 50 stems/ha and 4 m2/ha basal area. We used ordination and a digital elevation model to assess topographic distribution of tree species in 1986. In 1986, we also compared initial effects of high- and low-intensity dormant season fire on woody vegetation among nine blocks containing black oak, white oak, and pin oak stands. Twenty years later, we compared the same blocks, all of which had been burned three times per decade with low-intensity fires. In 1986, black oak, white oak and pin oak occurred across a gradient of decreasing elevation and slope. At that time, unburned black oak and white oak stands averaged >400 stems/ha and about 10 m2/ha basal area, and their smaller size classes contained non-oak woody vegetation that apparently had invaded with fire exclusion. After initial burns, black oak and white oak stands receiving high-intensity fire averaged <200 stems/ha and had significantly lower oak canopy cover and basal area than unburned stands. Stands receiving low-intensity fire had intermediate oak canopy cover, with basal area similar to unburned stands. Pin oak stands were more fire-resistant, apparently because spring flooding often reduced fire effects. Density, cover and basal area of non-oak tree species were much lower than oaks, and were not reduced by initial burning. Repeated low-intensity burning over 20 years tended to maintain structure caused by initial fires. However, it reduced lower size class stem densities, promoted post-fire sprouting into the shrub layer, and allowed oak basal area to increase in larger size classes. Time since fire regulated shrub layer structure on a 4-year cycle. Density and cover of trees and shrubs returned to pre-burn conditions by the second and fourth growing seasons after fire, respectively, with non-oak tree species exceeding pre-burn cover and density by the fourth season. These results suggest that high-intensity fire is more important than repeated low-intensity burning in structuring and restoring eastern sand savanna, and that non-oak tree species, once established, may be resistant to low-intensity fire. 相似文献
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P. Charles Goebel Kurt S. Pregitzer Brian J. Palik 《Forest Ecology and Management》2006,230(1-3):43-54
We examined the distribution of ground-flora species (herbaceous and woody species <1 m tall) across riparian areas of northeastern Wisconsin in an effort to understand how hierarchical landscape properties, such as the physiographic system (ground moraine and outwash plain), valley system (constrained and unconstrained), and valley floor landforms influence distribution patterns of ground-flora species and functional plant guilds across riparian areas of small streams and rivers in a glacial landscape. A total of 162 species were recorded on 417 (1 m2) plots stratified by four different valley types that reflect the dominant physiographic system and valley system (constrained ground moraine, constrained outwash plain, unconstrained ground moraine, unconstrained outwash plain) and transverse geomorphic structure (valley floor landforms including floodplains, terraces, slopes, and adjacent uplands). Although distribution patterns of individual ground-flora species are highly variable among the four valley types, canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) of individual valley types indicate that ground-flora vegetation is related strongly to hierarchical landscape properties, including valley type and the transverse geomorphic structure of the stream valley. Vegetation ultimately reflects the influence of hydrogeomorphic processes that shape valley floor landforms. Constrained valley types tend to be characterized by diverse floodplain ground-flora communities dominated by graminoids and pteridophytes, while the terraces and slope plant communities are comprised of facultative upland and obligate upland perennial forb and woody species whose distribution appears to be a function of topographic features, such as aspect. However, ground-flora communities of unconstrained valley types appear to be responding not only to changes associated with the transverse geomorphic structure of the riparian ecotone, but also to more localized changes in environmental conditions associated with flooding and hydrologic regime. As a result, floodplain, terrace, and slope ground-flora communities tend to be diverse, dominated by a mixture of obligate wetland, facultative wetland, and facultative species. Thus, variation in riparian plant community characteristics can be explained using a nested, hierarchical landscape framework to organize and group different riparian settings based on the underlying geomorphic processes shaping stream valleys. Based on these results, we suggest that riparian management zones (RMZs) designed to maintain riparian function should be variable in width rather than fixed, encompassing variation in valley floor landforms and valley walls, regardless of the physiographic system. 相似文献
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Concerns exist about the limited diversity of tree species in agricultural landscapes. Complete tree inventories were carried
out on 201 farms from four villages in western Kenya to establish whether significant differences in tree species composition
existed between farms, and if so their magnitude and implications for new introductions and plantings. Tree species composition
was interpreted to encompass elements of both tree identity and abundance. Tree identity was viewed from both taxonomic and
function (e.g. fruit, timber, medicine) perspectives. Novel types of ordination using the Hellinger ecological distance and
polynomial Redundancy Analysis indicated wide heterogeneity between farms with respect to tree species composition. For the
12 most prevalent functions of trees, the analyses showed significant differences (p<0.05). Partitioning of variance identified that village location explained much of the differences between farms suggesting
that farmers share tree species within villages more than between villages. Differences between farms were assessed on two-dimensional
ordination graphs. For five important tree functions, including beverage, charcoal, construction, fodder and medicine, two
species dominated the compositional differences. For these functions, diversification can be achieved by village-to-village
sharing even in the absence of any new species introductions. A general process to determine the degree of tree diversity
at farm and landscape levels and steps to increase it are discussed. 相似文献
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