流行性出血热病毒气溶胶感染乳鼠的免疫病理学研究     

遇秀玲  李劲松 《中国兽医学报》1994,14(2):193-198

采用免疫组化ＢＡ法，对流行性出血热病毒（ＥＨＦＶ）气溶胶感染乳鼠脏器组织中的病毒动态分布进行了观察，并对其抗体消长进行了测定。结果表明：①ＢＡ法为病理诊断ＥＨＦＶ感染提供了一种准确的手段；②ＥＨＦＶ可通过气溶胶途径感染乳小鼠，乳小鼠感染ＥＨＦＶ的ＬＤ５０值可作为环境浓度的参考值；③ＥＨＦＶ气溶胶途径感染乳鼠后，４ｈ即可在心、肺，１ｄ在嗅球部检出，并可在其组织细胞中增殖，经血循、嗅神经、单核巨噬细胞系统等多途径扩散，造成多组织脏器的泛发性感染。感染后１２～１４ｄ，病毒检出率和病毒量均达峰值。动物自身免疫系统对ＥＨＦＶ有一定的清除能力；④感染乳鼠脑、肺、肾等脏器组织的病变与人类感染ＥＨＦＶ的病变有一定的相似性，提示可作为人ＥＨＦＶ的模型动物；⑤抗原检出率高于抗体检出率，ＥＬＩＳＡ法检出率高于ＩＦＡ法检出率。  相似文献   

鸡舍环境耐药细菌气溶胶及其向环境传播的研究   总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23  

柴同杰  赵云玲  刘文波  刘辉 《中国预防兽医学报》2003,25(3):209-214

通过对舍内粪便、空气和舍外环境(10、50、100m)中的空气分离到的细菌鉴定，包括细菌DNA分子生物学检测及药物敏感实验以及细菌含量统计学分析，证明三者之间存在着内在联系；舍内环境微生物气溶胶包括耐药细菌通过舍内外气体交换排往鸡舍周围环境，舍周边环境在一定范围内受到生物污染。研究显示，在粪便、舍内空气、舍外环境10、50、100m空气中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌80％以上对氯霉素(CMP)和对苯唑青霉素(OXA)耐药；粪便和舍内外环境空气中的80％以上的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌对氨苄青霉素(AMP）、氯霉素(CMP)、头孢唑啉(CFZ)均为抑制。证明该鸡舍曾经使用过这些药物治疗或作为添加剂在饲料中添加，鸡群产生了耐药细菌菌株，并向环境传播。测量数据统计结果指出，十里河鸡场鸡舍内环境空气中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌与舍外环境中相应菌群含量比较差异显著或极显著(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)，但舍外10、50、100m之间的相应菌群比较差异不显著(P＞0．05)，这说明鸡舍内环境细菌气溶胶含量产生多，含量高，菌源强度大；另一方面，反应了鸡舍内环境微生物气溶胶包括耐药细菌能向舍外环境扩散，位舍外环境在一定的范围内受到动物源性生物污染，影响范围大于100m。通过对鸡舍环境微生物气溶胶来源的探讨发现，粪便中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌与舍内空气相应菌群数量关系比较，呈现正相关(r=0.99)。这从一个侧面揭示了粪便可能是微生物气溶胶的主要来源。  相似文献   

Aerosol therapy in the equine species     

D.H. Duvivier  D. Votion  S. Vandenput  P. Lekeux 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》1997,154(3):189-202

Inhalation therapy plays an increasing role in the management of equine respiratory disorders. Thisalternative to systematic treatment permits a high concentration of medication to act locally while minimizing side effects and residues. In human medicine, literature in this field is prolific and continuously renewed, whereas in veterinary medicine, applications of aerosol therapy are less extensive. This review considers the principles of action of the different types of devices used for inhalation, i.e., nebulization, metered-dose inhalation and dry powder inhalation, describes the technical and practical requirements for their use in the equine species and considers the advantages and disadvantages of each inhalation device. The pharmacological agents currently administered to horses by inhalation are also discussed. Perspectives of aerosol therapy in the equine species, including aerosols already used in human medicine and their potential applications for horses are described.  相似文献   

兔舍内气载需氧菌和气载葡萄球菌的检测     

段会勇  王磊  柴同杰 《家畜生态》2005,(4)

本研究采用A ndersen-6级空气微生物样品收集器,选用血-葡萄糖-琼脂培养基为采样介质,对两个不同种兔舍环境空气中需氧菌总数和葡萄球菌总数进行了检测,并对葡萄球菌的菌群组成进行了分析。结果表明,两个兔舍内需氧菌含量分别为1.73~85.8×103CFU/m3、2.71~9.66×103CFU/m3空气,葡萄球菌含量分别为0.94~7.84×103CFU/m3、1.02~6.54×103CFU/m3空气。兔舍空气中葡萄球菌主要包括金黄色葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、科氏葡萄球菌、头状葡萄球菌和马胃葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌的含量占葡萄球菌总数的26.3%~29.6%,其次是腐生葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌。另外,还对需氧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在A ndersen-6级收集器不同层级上的分布情况进行了统计分析,结果表明,约有56.4%的需氧菌和49%金黄色葡萄球菌分布在3~6层上,空气动力学直径(A erody-nam ic d iam eter,D ae)在6~0.2μm,它们能进入人、畜的气管、支气管,甚至细支气管,对饲养员和动物的呼吸道构成严重危害。  相似文献   

复方肿节风雾化剂抗炎作用研究     

徐献梅  张燕平  高永跃 《农业科学与技术》2016,(6):1405-1408

[目的]从抗炎方面探讨贵阳中医二附院院内制剂“复方肿节风雾化剂”在对咽炎治疗上的作用机制.[方法]采用小鼠耳二甲苯致炎法、角叉莱胶所致炎症肿胀度等法制作炎症模型观察其抗炎作用;而体外抑菌实验则用其对致咽炎的5种常见病菌的抑菌作用进行评价;同时抽取使用不同剂量复方肿节风雾化剂的咽炎试验组及空白组大鼠的血液通过分析,观察血常规的变化及其白细胞介素-1 (IL-1)的水平.[结果]复方肿节风雾化剂高、中、低3个不同浓度均能减轻在二甲苯所诱发的小鼠耳肿胀、角叉莱胶所致大鼠足趾肿胀的炎症肿胀度,但抗炎作用随着浓度的降低而降低.在体外试验中,复方肿节风雾化剂对肺炎链球菌、溶血链球菌、白喉杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及伤寒杆菌的最低抑菌浓度分别是76、105、38、65、30 mg/ml.复方肿节风雾化剂降低了咽炎模型大鼠血浆中的白细胞数、中性白细胞和淋巴细胞含量;阳性对照组及复方肿节风雾化剂高、中、低3个不同浓度组IL-1水平均低于空白对照组.[结论]复方肿节风雾化剂可能通过抗炎、抑菌、降低IL-1水平,达到治疗咽炎的作用.该研究为复方肿节风雾化剂的临床应用奠定基础.  相似文献   

Effects of smoke,ash and heat shock on seed germination of seven species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran     

Ali Asghar Naghipour  Seyed Jamaleddin Khajeddin  Pejman Tahmasebi  Majid Iravani 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2016,33(1):67-71

Fire products have been widely identified as germination cues for a number of species from both fire-prone and fire-free ecosystems. However, there is uncertainty about the effects of fire products on seed germination of semi-arid rangeland species. We examined the germination of seven dominant species from Central Zagros rangelands in the semi-arid region of Iran under various heat shock (60, 80 and 120 °C), aerosol smoke, ash and control treatments. Our findings showed that fire products could enhance, inhibit or not affect the seed germination of rangeland species in this area. The germination percentage of Astragalus adscendens increased following 60 °C heat treatment in comparison with the control. The germination of Astragalus verus, Bromus tectorum, B. tomentellus and Phlomis olivieri were increased significantly using smoke treatment (P<0.0001). The seed germination of B. tomentellus and B. tectorum was promoted by ash treatment, whereas the other species exhibited no response or were inhibited by fire products. In addition, smoke treatment shortened the overall germination time of B. tectorum. These findings suggest that fire products affect the germination of several species and can serve as potential tools for understanding the vegetation dynamics and restoration of disturbed semi-arid rangelands.  相似文献   

Treatment of pigs with enrofloxacin via different oral dosage forms – environmental contaminations and resistance development of Escherichia coli     

Paula Janssen  Gesine Barton  Manfred Kietzmann  Jessica Meißner 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2022,23(2)

BackgroundAntibacterial agents play important roles in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and carry-over of substances into the environment are several problems arising during oral treatment of bacterial infections. We assessed AMR development in commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) in enrofloxacin treated and untreated animals. In addition, we examined fluoroquinolone in the plasma and urine of treated and untreated animals, and in sedimentation dust and aerosol.MethodsIn each trial, six pigs were treated with enrofloxacin via powder, granulate or pellet forms in two time periods (days 1–5 and 22–26). Four pigs served as untreated controls. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to evaluate AMR development. Analysis of enro- and ciprofloxacin was performed with high performance liquid chromatography.ResultsNon-wildtype E. coli (MIC > 0.125 µg/mL) was detected in the pellet treated group after the first treatment period, whereas in the other groups, non-wildtype isolates were found after the second treatment period. E. coli with MIC > 4 µg/mL was found in only the pellet trial. Untreated animals showed similar susceptibility shifts several days later. Bioavailability differed among the treatment forms (granulate > pellet > powder). Enro- and ciprofloxacin were detected in aerosols and sedimentation dust (granulate, powder > pellet).ConclusionsThis study indicates that the kind of the oral dosage form of antibiotics affects environmental contamination and AMR development in commensal E. coli in treated and untreated pigs.  相似文献   

添喂不同剂量气溶胶OT对绵羊采食、瘤胃原虫和细菌数量的影响     

雒秋江  李昊  陈勇  潘榕  臧长江 《新疆农业大学学报》2014,(2):87-95

选取4只2岁龄、体重约50kg、装置了永久性瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊,采取4×4拉丁方设计,在粗料型和精料型日粮条件下给绵羊添喂气溶胶OT(0,0.4,0.8,4.0g/kg日粮),以研究不同剂量气溶胶OT对绵羊采食、瘤胃原虫和细菌数量的影响。结果表明,添喂气溶胶OT 0.4,0.8,4.0g/kg日粮,在粗料型日粮条件下绵羊的自由采食量分别提高13.2%(P0.01),30.7%(P0.01)和-5.3%(P0.01),瘤胃原虫数量分别减少33.9%(P0.01),54.2%(P0.01)和86.3%(P0.01),细菌总数分别增加33.6%(P0.01),46.9%(P0.01)和-23.5%(P0.01);在精料型日粮条件下绵羊的自由采食量分别提高7.1%(P0.01),16.3%(P0.01)和-5.6%(P0.01),瘤胃原虫数量分别减少30.1%(P0.01),56.2%(P0.01)和89.0%(P0.01),细菌总数分别增加44.7%(P0.01),59.4%(P0.01)和-19.8%(P0.01)。本研究表明,添喂适量的气溶胶OT可以同时减少绵羊瘤胃原虫数量和增加细菌总数,提高绵羊采食量。  相似文献   

Enhanced efficiency of electrostatically charged insecticide aerosols     

Whitmore LF  Hughes JF  Harrison N  Abela M  O'Rourke P 《Pest management science》2001,57(5):432-436

The bioefficacy of a standard domestic aerosol insecticide has been compared with that of a similar spray in which the droplets were electrostatically charged. The aerosol was charged without the need for an external power supply, by enhancing natural charge separation processes that occur during atomisation. The charge-to-mass ratio achieved was 1.1 x 10(-4) C kg-1, compared with 2.2 x 10(-5) C kg-1 for the standard aerosol. Efficiency was assessed for insects in free flight. A direct space-spray application method was used to study the bioefficacy of these aerosols on houseflies, Musca domestica, and an indirect space-spray method on houseflies and mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus. Two levels of concentration of active ingredients were compared. At low concentrations of 1.57 g kg-1 of bioallethrin and 0.29 g kg-1 of bioresmethrin, the charged aerosol achieved a significant reduction in KDT50 (time at which 50% of the flies were knocked down), compared with the standard aerosol. In the direct spray application to houseflies, the KDT50 was reduced by 50%, while in the indirect spray the KDT50 was reduced by 40%. In the indirect spray of mosquitoes, the KDT50 was reduced by 22%. With higher active ingredient concentrations of 2.09 g kg-1 for bioallethrin and 0.39 g kg-1 for bioresmethrin, the charged aerosol also demonstrated faster knockdown than the standard, but the improvement was less marked. In the direct spray application to houseflies, the KDT50 was reduced by 21% compared with the standard aerosol, while in the indirect spray the KDT50 was reduced by 16%. In the indirect spray of mosquitoes, the KDT50 was reduced by 24%. The percentage mortality after 24 h was also increased with the charged aerosol. Charge carried by the droplets results in increased interception of the insecticide, as the droplets are attracted to the insects in flight and space charge effects within the aerosol could cause improved dispersion in the test chamber.  相似文献   

鸡舍真菌气溶胶潜在危害的定量评估     

王雅玲  吕国忠  柴同杰 《家畜生态》2006,(1)

本文采用6级Andersen生物空气采样器和常用真菌计数培养基,在鸡舍入口处收集气溶胶真菌,经培养和纯化鉴定出78种真菌,其中包括黄曲霉、烟曲霉、黑曲霉及镰刀菌等在内的50余种真菌。研究表明鸡舍入口处空气真菌污染程度与鸡舍内没有显著差异。早晨气溶胶真菌浓度明显低于中午(P=0.07)和晚间(P=0.05)的浓度,且夏秋季节浓度相对较高,峰值在7月份。鸡舍内气溶胶真菌的年平均浓度为2.3×103 CFU/m3。黄曲霉、烟曲霉、黑曲霉在鸡舍空气中的浓度相对较高,分别超过真菌气溶胶组成平均浓度77.7 CFU/m3、63CFU/m35、7.1 CFU/m3,而镰刀菌是常见的空气真菌,其总平均浓度为74.6 CFU/m3,比平均值高出45.3 CFU/m3。平均CMD值分别为3.1μm;GSD分别为2.1。每分钟可沉积到支气管和直接侵入肺泡的活性真菌量分别是居室的3.4倍和3.3倍。本研究探讨了真菌气溶胶不同时间和季节的变化规律,并从其组成、浓度及粒子大小定量评估采样点鸡舍真菌气溶胶的危害,为有效控制禽类真菌病的流行提供科学依据和预警资料。  相似文献