Flowering phenology of a herbaceous species (Poa annua) is regulated by soil Collembola     

《Soil biology & biochemistry》2015

The role of soil organisms as possible driver of flowering has never been investigated. We hypothesized that Collembola (microarthropods) will change plant allocation to reproductive modes by changing soil nutrient availability. Individual seedlings of Poa annua were planted in microcosms, in the presence or absence of Collembola. Collembola affected biotic (fungal biomass) and abiotic ($\text{N}-{{\text{NO}}_3}^{-}$, P₂O₅) soil properties and some morphological (number of leaves, root biomass) and chemical (C:N, K, Mg, N) traits of P. annua. As a result, flowering of P. annua was promoted by the presence of Collembola. This provides experimental evidence that soil microarthropods can affect the reproduction strategy and phenology of a plant.  相似文献   

Designing the ideal habitat for entomopathogen use in nursery production     

Nielsen AL  Lewis EE 《Pest management science》2012,68(7):1053-1061

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse and nursery producers use entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) to control soil pests. Although it is known that the physical and chemical properties of mineral soil significantly impact upon soil pathogens, the influence of soilless media used for plant production on entomopathogen performance is poorly understood. RESULTS: Survival and foraging distance were differently affected by sand:peat, bark and sawdust media for entomopathogenic nematodes, but not for the immobile fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Redwood sawdust medium consistently had a negative impact upon entomopathogenic nematodes. Dividing media into individual components supported the hypothesis that redwood sawdust reduced foraging and infection abilities of S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora. Physically altering the components by adding sand significantly improved foraging and infection success for S. riobrave in media not optimum for foraging. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate soilless media and pathogen species combinations to increase efficacy of biological control. H. bacteriophora was able to find hosts in a wider diversity of medium components than S. riobrave, although both nematode species performed well in peat moss and recycled plant material. These results suggest that peat moss, recycled plant material and hardwood bark are components amenable to EPN biological control programs. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Seasonal variations in species diversity, dry matter and net primary productivity of herb layer of Quercus leucotrichophora-Pinus roxburghii mixed forest in Kumaun Himalaya, India     

Mukesh Joshi  Y. S. Rawat  J. Ram 《林业研究》2012,23(2):223-228

Plant biomass, species diversity and net primary productivity are presented for herb layer of banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus)-chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) mixed forest in Kumaun, central Himalaya, India. The species diversity declined from a maximum (3.56) in September to a minimum (2.11) in December. The monthly live shoots biomass exhibited a single peak growth pattern with highest live shoot biomass of 185 g·m-2 in August. The seasonal pattern showed that the maximum above-ground production (131 g·m-2) occurred during the rainy season and the minimum (1 g·m-2) during winter season. The below-ground production was maximum during winter season (84 g·m-2) and minimum during summer season (34 g·m-2). The annual net shoot production was 171 g·m-2 and total below-ground production was 165 g·m-2. Of the total input 61% was channeled to above-ground parts and 39% to below-ground parts. Transfer of live shoots to dead shoots compartments and that of dead shoots to litter compartments was 61% and 66%, respectively. The total dry matter disappearance was 61% of the total input within annual cycle. The herb layer showed a net accumulation of organic matter, indicating the seral nature of the community.  相似文献   

Carbon input by plants into the soil. Review     

Yakov Kuzyakov  Grzegorz Domanski 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2000,163(4):421-431

The methods used for estimating below‐ground carbon (C) translocation by plants, and the results obtained for different plant species are reviewed. Three tracer techniques using C isotopes to quantify root‐derived C are discussed: pulse labeling, continuous labeling, and a method based on the difference in ¹³C natural abundance in C3 and C4 plants. It is shown, that only the tracer methods provided adequate results for the whole below‐ground C translocation. This included roots, exudates and other organic substances, quickly decomposable by soil microorganisms, and CO₂ produced by root respiration. Advantages due to coupling of two different tracer techniques are shown. The differences in the below‐ground C translocation pattern between plant species (cereals, grasses, and trees) are discussed. Cereals (wheat and barley) transfer 20%—30% of total assimilated C into the soil. Half of this amount is subsequently found in the roots and about one‐third in CO₂ evolved from the soil by root respiration and microbial utilization of rootborne organic substances. The remaining part of below‐ground translocated C is incorporated into the soil microorganisms and soil organic matter. The portion of assimilated C allocated below the ground by cereals decreases during growth and by increasing N fertilization. Pasture plants translocated about 30%—50% of assimilates below‐ground, and their translocation patterns were similar to those of crop plants. On average, the total C amounts translocated into the soil by cereals and pasture plants are approximately the same (1500 kg C ha^—1), when the same growth period is considered. However, during one vegetation period the cereals and grasses allocated beneath the ground about 1500 and 2200 kg C ha^—1, respectively. Finally, a simple approach is suggested for a rough calculation of C input into the soil and for root‐derived CO₂ efflux from the soil.  相似文献   

Forest management and carbon sequestration in wood products     

Ingolf Profft  Martina Mund  Georg-Ernst Weber  Eberhard Weller  Ernst-Detlef Schulze 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(4):399-413

Wood products are considered to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions. A critical gap in the life cycle of wood products is to transfer the raw timber from the forest to the processing wood industry and, thus, the primary wood products. Therefore, often rough estimates are used for this step to obtain total forestry carbon balances. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the fate of timber harvested in Thuringian state forests (central Germany), representing a large, intensively managed forested region, and (2) to quantify carbon stocks and the lifetime of primary wood products made from this timber. The analyses were based on the amount and assortments of actually sold timber, and production parameters of the companies that bought and processed this timber. In addition, for coniferous stands of a selected Thuringian forest district, we calculated potential effects of management, as expressed by different thinning regimes on wood products and their lifetimes. Total annual timber sale of soft- and hardwoods from Thuringian state forests (195,000 ha) increased from about 136,893 t C (~0.7 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 1996 to 280,194 t C (~1.4 t C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in 2005. About 47% of annual total timber harvest went into short-lived wood products with a mean residence time (MRT) < 25 years. Thirty-one per cent of the total harvest went into wood products with an MRT of 25–43 years, and only 22% was used as construction wood and glued wood, products with the longest MRT (50 years). The average MRT of carbon in harvested wood products was 20 years. Thinning from above throughout the rotation of spruce forests would lead to an average MRT in harvested wood products of about 23 years, thinning from below of about 18 years. A comparison of our calculations with estimates that resulted from the products module of the CO2FIX model (Nabuurs et al. 2001) demonstrates the influence of regional differences in forest management and wood processing industry on the lifetime of harvested wood products. To our knowledge, the present study provides for the first time real carbon inputs of a defined forest management unit to the wood product sector by linking data on raw timber production, timber sales and wood processing. With this new approach and using this data, it should be possible to substantially improve the net-carbon balance of the entire forestry sector.  相似文献   

杂交中稻齐穗期下部叶片对结实率的影响与组合间库源结构的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

朱永川  熊洪  张林  张乃周  郭晓艺  刘茂  徐富贤 《西南农业学报》2009,22(5)

以26个杂交中籼迟熟组合为材料,通过齐穗期剪叶及本田密肥、疏株处理,研究了杂交中稻齐穗期下部叶片对结实率的影响与组合间库源结构的关系.结果表明,杂交中稻齐穗期倒4以下叶片提高结实率的作用程度在杂交组合间存在较大差异,表现为倒4以下叶片提高结实率的作用与组合间着粒数呈极显著正相关关系,当杂交组合群体的着粒数≥185粒/穗时,倒4以下叶片对结实率才有显著作用.原因在于组合间着粒数与单位颖花的绿叶占有量呈极显著负相关关系,着粒数越多的大穗型组合,其"库"" 源"矛盾越大,则越需要充分利用倒4以下叶片的光合物质,才能保证籽粒的正常灌浆结实;反之,着粒数较少的中小穗型组合,其光合源相对较充分,顶部3片叶的光合产物基本能满足籽粒的正常灌浆结实,对下部叶片光合物质量的需求量相对较小.此外,倒4以下叶片提高结实率的作用还与本田移栽密度呈极显著负相关,植株基部光照强度的改善有利于倒4以下叶片提高结实率的作用.  相似文献   

从地下的角度分析膜下滴灌棉花发生早衰的可能机制     

买文选  田长彦 《中国农学通报》2013,29(33):11-16

在膜下滴灌条件下,棉花早衰问题严重。在对国内外关于棉花早衰研究成果及膜下滴灌条件特殊根区微环境深入分析的基础上,提出了膜下滴灌棉花早衰原因的合理假设,认为不合理的根系构型及其高蕾铃负荷是造成膜下滴灌棉花早衰的根本原因：膜下滴灌条件下棉花根系生长和构型分布发生的明显变化不利于棉花根系吸收土壤深层的水分和养分,抗逆性减弱,对环境的改变无法做出及时的反应,加之覆膜增温及优越的水肥供应,棉花地上部生长良好,蕾铃负担增加,一旦遇到逆境条件,在高蕾铃负荷前提下,即使对根系养分吸收功能最轻微的损害或者暂时的养分供应短缺均有可能造成对地上部养分供应的不足并发生早衰。因此,如何通过调控构建与地上部生长更为匹配的、构型分布更加合理的、抗逆性更强的棉花根系就成为解决膜下滴灌棉花早衰问题的关键。  相似文献   

Measuring ecologically important quantities at relevant operational scales: An example using the dusky flycatcher in selectively logged forests in Idaho     

Andrew J. Kroll  Jonathan B. Haufler 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010

Effective management of forest wildlife requires information about habitat features that can be altered by operations, if those habitat features promote reproductive success and survival, and if changes in organism density influence reproductive success and survival. Habitat selection studies often provide the first type of information, although relatively few studies examine how different selection decisions or densities of organisms influence fitness measures or measure habitat features at relevant operational scales. We examined patterns of habitat selection and estimated how habitat use, territory size, and conspecific density were associated with territory success (probability of a territory producing one or more fledglings) for the dusky flycatcher in 2002–2003 on eight study plots in managed grand fir (Abies concolor) forests in Idaho, USA. Flycatchers selected territories with greater cover of deciduous vegetation in two different height strata (1–2 and 3–4 m) and reduced cover of conifers less than 4 cm dbh compared to what was available. While flycatchers selected habitat characteristics at the territory scale, model selection results did not support any associations between vegetation features and territory success. Territory success had weak positive associations, for a given territory size, with conspecific density, although the relationship was highly variable. An interaction between territory size and density was not supported. These results are consistent with the view that avian breeding habitat selection occurs at multiple scales, and that the nest site scale may explain more of the variance in reproductive success than larger scales. Our results suggest that operational management of vegetation features, which often occurs at the stand scale, may not influence variation in critical demographic metrics. Increasing total shrub cover of commonly used plant species should benefit the dusky flycatcher, as well as other shrub-nesting forest birds, but stand-level habitat alterations alone cannot be relied upon to increase reproductive success, an important component of population change.  相似文献   

Above‐ and below‐ground competition between barley,wheat, lupin and vetch in a cereal and legume intercropping system     

M. Mariotti  A. Masoni  L. Ercoli  I. Arduini 《Grass and Forage Science》2009,64(4):401-412

The effects of intercropping on dry weight (DW) of herbage and nitrogen (N) nutrition of plants of two winter cereals, barley and wheat, and two legumes, white lupin and common vetch, were investigated, and above‐ and below‐ground competition were separated in a fully factorial additive design. Intercropping increased DW compared with the sole species and the increase was higher for the cereals and lupin than for cereals and vetch intercropping systems. Above‐ground competition for light reduced DW of cereals and lupin while it did not influence the DW of vetch. Processes involved in below‐ground competition increased shoot growth of cereals and reduced shoot growth of legumes. N nutrition of cereals was enhanced by below‐ground competition with legumes and N nutrition of vetch was enhanced by above‐ground competition with cereals. Cereals had a higher competitive ability than legumes as a result of their below‐ground competitive ability. The interaction between above‐ and below‐competition is not predictable: negative, positive and no interaction (additivity) between different types of competition were found. In low‐input intercropping systems, when a N‐fixing species is present, the mixture of the roots of components is important for the utilization of the soil resources and, when a climbing species is also present, the mixture of shoots can result in an increased utilization of light.  相似文献   

小麦白粉病成株抗性和抗倒伏性及穗下节长度的QTL定位   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  

张坤普  赵亮  海燕  陈广凤  田纪春 《作物学报》2008,34(8):1350-1357

由小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57杂交获得了DH群体168个株系, 利用305个SSR标记对白粉病成株抗性、抗倒伏性和穗下节长度进行了QTL定位研究。DH群体及两亲本于2005年和2006年种植于山东泰安, 2006年种于安徽宿州。利用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件, 共检测到12个加性效应位点和10对上位效应位点。在4D染色体上控制白粉病成株抗性的qApr4D, 贡献率为20.0%, 在各环境中稳定表达, 其抗病等位基因来源于抗病亲本豫麦57; 在7D染色体上控制小麦穗下节长度的qIlbs7D, 贡献率为12.9%, 在各环境中稳定表达。加性效应和上位效应对小麦白粉病成株抗性、抗倒伏性和穗下节长度的遗传起重要作用, 并且基因与环境常常具有互作效应。以上两个QTL可分别用于小麦白粉病成株抗性和穗下节长度的分子标记辅助选择。  相似文献