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1.
3种鱼群个体间距的计算方法比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对实验室水族箱中的鱼群空间分布状态进行录像,采用质心法、线段法和三点折线法计算个体间距离。结果表明,由3种方法计算获得的个体间距值均随着群体的个体尾数的增加而趋近于0.5～2倍体长(BL)的范围内。线段法与三点折线法的计算结果基本相同,而质心法的计算结果的精度低于其它两种方法。在间距大于0.2 BL时,三点折线法计算得到的个体间距的频率分布普遍高于线段法,计算结果更准确。同时线段法和三点质心法所获得的个体间距在0.6～0.8 BL范围内的频率达到最大,该范围为鱼类偏好的距离范围。 相似文献
2.
基于空间自相关构建树木生长模型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2004—2008年，在日本九州地区宫崎县田野天然次生林内设置的一块100 m×100 m固定标准地中，通过每木调查，测量了固定标准地内树木的种类、空间位置、生长等数据。为了便于理解，以固定标准地中优势树种蚊母树为主要研究对象，在考虑周边所有树木的影响的同时，利用贝叶斯统计方法分析了空间自相关及树木间的对称竞争、非对称竞争对树木生长过程的影响，并比较了忽略空间自相关的情况。结果表明:在构建研究对象树种的生长模型时，树木个体间的竞争是不可缺少的参数，尤其是个体间的对称竞争。在利用空间自相关参数建模时，最终模型的决定系数R2＝0.83；而忽略空间自相关参数的模型，其决定系数R2＝0.74。通过其他主要树种的分析也表明了导入空间自相关参数的优越性，因此可以认为，考虑空间自相关的随机效应模型能更精确地预测树木的生长。本研究所采用的空间自相关模型不仅可以利用树木个体的分布信息推测其生态学特征，还为树木生长模拟提供了理论与方法上的借鉴。 相似文献
3.
The definition of the species category has stimulated more debate than perhaps any other topic in the biological sciences. There are currently more than 22 different species concepts and the debate continues on which concepts apply to all organisms, which concepts are operational and which concepts should be used in specific circumstances. The first major division of the types of concepts depends on whether one views species as constructs that exist for ordering biodiversity and information retrieval (i.e. classes), or views species as ontological individuals that exist in nature. If species are categories that can be defined, then theoretically, a single species can arise more than once in different places or at different times. If, on the other hand, species are individuals, then they are historical events, monophyletic and each species is unique. 相似文献
4.
A. Hirata T. SakaiK. Takahashi T. SatoH. Tanouchi H. SugitaH. Tanaka 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(7):1280-1288
There is an increasing need to restore natural hardwood forests in landscapes dominated by monocultural conifer plantations. A convenient restoration approach is to exploit natural regeneration processes. Natural regeneration, however, is affected by diverse interacting factors, for which better understanding is required, in order to optimize restoration programs. To identify optimal management practices for improving natural regeneration of hardwood trees in coniferous plantations, we examined the effects of multiple factors on the abundance of seedlings, small saplings and large saplings (height <0.3, 0.3-1.3 and ?1.3 m, respectively) of hardwood tree and shrub species in both line thinned (LT) and unthinned (UT) plantations of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and hardwood forests (HF) in central Japan. The effects of management practices (number of the times of weeding and cleaning, thinning method, years after thinning and forest age), environment (slope position, slope angle and canopy openness), and landscape conditions (distance from nearest hardwood forest, altitude and landuse before planting) on the number of hardwood individuals were examined by using the data obtained from the LT plantations. We also compared hardwood density between LT and UT plantations to examine the effect of line thinning. Finally, we examined species composition of LT plantations and HF to identify hardwood forest components in the thinned plantations. The effects on hardwood regeneration of environmental conditions, landscape factors and management practices applied in the plantations varied, depending on the size class and life form of the regenerating species. The abundance of large saplings of tall tree species was affected by several management factors, especially number of the times of weeding. Landscape conditions (distance from the nearest hardwood forest and altitude) affected the abundance of small saplings and seedlings of tall tree species, but not the other classes. Seedlings and small saplings of many tall tree species that contribute to hardwood forest canopies were less abundant in the LT plantations. The results show that numerous factors affect the establishment and abundance of naturally regenerating hardwood tree species, and suggest that successful establishment during early plantation stages can have long-lasting effects on natural regeneration of tall tree species. 相似文献
5.
为解决人工饲料育的发育不齐问题,就饲料的不同调制方法对桑蚕幼虫发育的影响,以及同一蚕品种个体间的差异进行了研究。结果发现：①在饲料制作上必须进行蒸煮灭菌,以微波炉加热灭菌的与蒸煮的效果相近,不经加热杀菌简易化制作的效果都不理想;②同一蚕品种个体间对人工饲料的摄食性存在差异。对桑叶粉及蔗糖等摄食促进物质的感受性,高食性蚕比低食性蚕敏感;而对豆粕粉中摄食阻碍物质的感受性,低食性蚕比高食性蚕敏感。研究认为,要提高人工饲料育蚕的群体摄食性和发育整齐度,应尽量消除饲料中的摄食阻碍物质,或选育出对摄食阻碍物质具适应性的蚕品种 相似文献
6.
试验结果表明,在黄瓜上的绿色瓜蚜(Aphis gossypii Glov.)种群对氧化乐果、抗蚜威和氰戊菊酯的耐性明显高于黄色瓜蚜种群。这两种颜色的瓜蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACHE)具有明显的不同,在绿色种群中,有60.7%的个体AChE活性大于0.8(OD_(412)/mg蛋白质,分钟),而在黄色种群中则仅有25.3%的个体AChE活性大于0.8;氧化乐果(终浓度为1.69×10~(-2)mol/L)对单个蚜虫AChE的抑制率,前者仅有19%的个体AChE抑制率在30%以上,而后者则有46%的个体在30%以上。α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶的活性大于25(×10~(-2)μmol/蚜,15分钟)的个体在绿色种群中占56%,而在黄色种群中仅有20%;β-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶活性大于25(×10~(-2)μmol/蚜,15分钟)的个体在绿色瓜蚜中占45%,而在黄色种群中仅有7%。说明绿色和黄色瓜蚜耐药性的差异可能是由于AChE敏感性和羧酸酯酶活性的不同造成的。 相似文献
7.
We analyzed the role of regeneration type (surviving from advanced regeneration, resprouting from advanced regeneration, or
newly recruited seedlings) in determining the quantity and quality of individuals in reestablishing a natural forest following
clear-cutting of a conifer plantation. We experimentally clear-cut a plantation and undertook a detailed tree census before
and after clear-cutting. After clear-cutting, a species composition partially representing warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf
forest was present in the form of surviving and resprouted individuals originating from advanced regeneration that had established
in the Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation. On the other hand, seedlings that established after clear-cutting were dominated by pioneer species, and the
number of seedlings was far greater than the number of individuals originating from advanced regeneration. Our results suggest
that the role of regeneration type would differ in relation to the objectives for forest recovery. When any kind of woody
cover of the ground surface after clear-cutting would suffice, we suggest that the contribution of pioneer seedlings originating
from buried seeds would be important. If the recovery objective is to form a simple evergreen broadleaf forest, such as a
coppice woodland, all three sources of regeneration would play a similar role, provided the understory before clear-cutting
was as well developed as the one in this study. If rapid establishment of a lucidophyllous forest with diverse species composition
is desired, the role of the surviving and resprouting individuals originating from the advanced regeneration would be much
more important. 相似文献
8.
[目的]了解白蜡虫越冬时体内微生物的多样性,比较昆明与长春越冬虫体内微生物种类和数量的差异,为了解白蜡虫低温适应机制提供有用信息。[方法]采用Miseq高通量测序方法对昆明越冬雌成虫(KM)和长春越冬雌成虫(CC)体内细菌16s rRNA及真菌ITS基因进行测序,利用Usearch软件进行细菌和真菌OTU(Operational Taxonomic Unit)划分,并利用Mothur软件对OTU进行分类学分析和多样性指数分析。[结果]细菌KM和CC样品中共得到344个OTU,真菌KM和CC样品中共得到230个OTU。细菌共鉴定到15门、137属,在KM中乳球菌属占主要比例(29.78%),而在CC中立克次氏体占主要比例(55.77%),真菌中共鉴定到6门、83属,在KM中仅鉴定到41个属,而CC中鉴定到75个属,其中线虫草科无法归类的属在2个样品中均为优势菌群,但CC中含量远低于KM。[结论]昆明与长春越冬虫体内细菌及真菌种类和数量均不相同,与昆明越冬虫不同,需要应对极端低温的长春越冬虫体内立克次氏体为优势菌群。 相似文献
9.
【目的】评估红椎Castanopsis hystrix树干径向生长日变化和季节变化特征,探讨其径向生长的影响因子及作用机制,丰富南亚热带树木径向生长动态的观测数据,提高全球气候变化下红椎生长的可预测性。【方法】利用树干径向变化记录仪,连续记录不同分化等级红椎树干径向生长变化过程,同步监测气象环境因子,分析树干径向生长与各因子之间的相关关系。【结果】年尺度上的红椎树干径向生长月均日变化循环模式均为夏季模式,优势木的径向变化峰值、谷值和振幅明显大于一般木和被压木。红椎树干径向累积生长表现为"S"型曲线。树干径向累积生长量表现为优势木最大(7 138μm),一般木次之(2 466μm),被压木最小(267μm)。径向最大生长速度及其出现时间在不同样树间均存在较大差异,优势木、一般木和被压木树干径向生长的最大速度分别为46.14、12.21和1.70μm·d~(-1),分别出现在一年中的第146、163和190天。优势木主要生长时期为一年中的第59～331天,一般木为第73～317天,被压木不存在主要生长时期。Pearson相关系数、主成分分析和偏相关分析表明,影响优势木树干径向生长的气象环境因子主要有日均相对空气湿度(RH)、日降雨量(P)和深度为20 cm土壤的日均含水率(φ_(s20));影响一般木树干径向生长的气象环境因子主要有日均相对空气湿度、日降雨量、深度为20 cm土壤的日均含水率和日均辐射(SR);得出优势木和一般木的树干径向日生长量(SRI)模型分别为SRI=0.955RH+1.909P-418.406φ_(s20)和SRI=-0.002SR+1.101RH+1.139P-579.751φ_(s20),R~2分别为0.525和0.342。【结论】不同分化等级红椎树干径向生长月均日变化循环模式一致,但径向累积生长量、径向最大生长速度及其出现时间、对气象环境因子的响应在不同样树间均存在较大差异。 相似文献
10.
With increasing attention on the health benefits of a forest environment, evidence-based research is required. This study aims to provide scientific evidence concerning the physiological and psychological effects of exposure to the forest environment on middle-aged hypertensive men. Twenty participants (58.0 ± 10.6 years) were instructed to sit on chairs and view the landscapes of forest and urban (as control) environments for 10 min. Heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate were used to quantify physiological responses. The modified semantic differential method was used to determine psychological responses. Consequently, the high-frequency component of HRV, a marker of parasympathetic nervous activity that is enhanced in relaxing situations, was significantly higher and heart rate was significantly lower in participants viewing the forest area than in those viewing the urban area. The questionnaire results indicated that viewing the forest environment increased “comfortable,” “relaxed,” and “natural” feelings than viewing the urban environment. In conclusion, viewing forest landscape produces physiological and psychological relaxation effects on middle-aged hypertensive men. 相似文献