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A greenhouse experiment was performed to study the effectiveness of the application of organic amendments followed by soil plastic mulching for control of Phytophthora capsici in temperate climate regions. The organic amendments were i) a non-composted mixture of sheep manure and chicken litter; ii) a semicomposted mixture of horse manure and chicken litter, and iii) Brassica carinata pellets + Sinapis alba as fresh green manure. In particular, we studied the effect of treatments on P. capsici oospore survival, disease incidence and soil properties. The treatment with B. carinata + S. alba resulted in a 93% reduction in disease incidence. The application of the semicomposted and non-composted mixture followed by soil plastic mulching caused 86 and 65% reduction, respectively, in disease incidence due, at least partially, to a decrease in oospore viability, the production of NH3 and an increase in soil microbial activity. Significantly higher values of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were detected in treated soils, possibly resulting in pathogen suppression. The application of organic amendments followed by soil plastic mulching can be a good option for control of P. capsici in protected pepper crops under temperate climate. 相似文献
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In this laboratory study the effect of liquid swine manure (LSM) on Globodera rostochiensis was evaluated. The LSM was applied to 500 g nematode-infested soil at 0.4, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0% (v/w), equivalent to 31, 155, 310 and 465 kg of N ha−1, in closed and open containers (microcosms sealed (S) and open (O)). The results showed that LSM in closed containers enriched the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) through partial anaerobic incubation process. Bacterial- and fungal-feeding nematodes predominated, while the least opportunistic groups had a very low occurrence. The LSM in (S) significantly decreased cyst nematode populations and percent egg hatching in contrast with opened ones (O), increasing some chemical parameters related to soil fertility. Hatching tests showed that individual VFA vary in their lethality to G. rostochiensis. Acetic and propionic acids were the most toxic, reducing hatching most effectively and irreversibly. Results suggest that soil disinfestation on laboratory tests with LSM, is an efficient way for the reduction of G. rostochiensis populations in acidic soils, due to the VFAs nematicidal action. To address management alternatives, field studies would be needed that compared these materials to the current management practices, and demonstrated that they are competitive in the field. 相似文献
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Gaseous emissions from soil biodisinfestation by animal manure on a greenhouse pepper crop 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil solarisation together with the application of animal manure has been described as an alternative process for control of Phytophthora capsici root rot in pepper crops. A mixture of fresh sheep manure and dry chicken litter (SCM) and a semi-composted mixture of horse manure and chicken litter (HCM) were applied at 5.1 kg m−2 (dry weight) under plastic sheets to reduce Phytophthora inoculum survival rate and disease incidence. Non-solarised (C) and solarised (S) soils were used as control treatments. Mean NH3 concentration increased in SCM during biodisinfestation process (14.8 mg NH3 m−3) compared with HCM (9.1 mg NH3 m−3), accounted for the higher organic N content and potential N mineralisation. The higher NH3 concentration in SCM could have contributed to reduce the inoculum survival rate (30.6% and 75.0% in SCM and HCM plots, respectively). Inoculum survival rate was not reduced in S (94.4%) as temperature was below 33 °C throughout the experimental period. After biodisinfestation treatment, N2O and CO2 emissions tended to be higher in SCM, despite high spatial variability. Cumulative N2O emissions were 1.31 and 0.42 g N2O-N m−2 in SCM and HCM after 43 days. The larger N application and organic N mineralisation rate on fresh manure amended soils might have contributed to higher N2O emissions during and after soil biodisinfestation by denitrification and nitrification, respectively. Cumulative CO2 emission averaged 211.0 and 159.9 g CO2-C m−2 in SCM and HCM, respectively. The soluble organic C, more abundant in fresh manure, might have favoured soil respiration in SCM. Disease incidence decreased in SCM and HCM plots (disease incidence, 2%-8%) in relation to solarised soils (42%) after 4 months. Microbial suppressiveness might have contributed to minimise Phytophthora disease incidence in SCM and HCM plots. Pepper fruit yield increased with manure amendment in SCM and HCM, which averaged 4.6 and 4.3 kg m−2, respectively. Further research will be necessary to guarantee an effective Phytophthora biodisinfestation by fitting manure N and organic matter applications, improving crop yield and reducing greenhouse gas pollution. 相似文献
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