Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

M. Gallardo  J.S. Rodríguez  M.D. Fernández  J.J. Magán 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(12):1773-1784

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.  相似文献   

A quick and efficient screen for resistance to iron toxicity in lowland rice     

Folkard Asch  Mathias Becker  Dilys S. Kpongor 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(6):764-773

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a major stress to rice in many lowland environments worldwide. Due to excessive uptake of Fe²⁺ by the roots and its acropetal translocation into the leaves, toxic oxygen radicals may form and damage cell structural components, thus impairing physiological processes. The typical visual symptom is the “bronzing” of the rice leaves, leading to substantial yield losses, particularly when toxicity occurs during early vegetative growth stages. The problem is best addressed through genotype improvement, i.e., tolerant cultivars. However, the time of occurrence and the severity of symptoms and yield responses vary widely among soil types, years, seasons, and genotypes. Cultivars resistant in one system may fail when transferred to another. Better targeting of varietal improvement requires selection tools improving our understanding of the resistance mechanisms and strategies of rice in the presence of excess iron. A phytotron study was conducted to develop a screen for seedling resistance to Fe toxicity based on individual plants subjected to varying levels of Fe (0–3000 mg L^–1 Fe supplied as Fe(II)SO₄), stress duration (1–5 d of exposure), vapor‐pressure deficit (VPD; 1.1 and 1.8 kPa), and seedling age (14 and 28 d). Genotypes were evaluated based on leaf‐bronzing score and tissue Fe concentrations. A clear segregation of the genotypic tolerance spectrum was obtained when scoring 28 d old seedlings after 3 d of exposure to 2000 mg L^–1 Fe in a high‐VPD environment. In most cases, leaf‐bronzing scores were highly correlated with tissue Fe concentration (visual differentiation in includer and excluder types). The combination of these two parameters also identified genotypes tolerating high levels of Fe in the tissue while showing only few leaf symptoms (tolerant includers). The screen allows selecting genotypes with low leaf‐bronzing score as resistant to Fe toxicity, and additional analyses of the tissue Fe concentration of those can identify the general adaptation strategy to be utilized in breeding programs.  相似文献   

Growth of pot roses and post-harvest rate of water loss as affected by air humidity and temperature variations during growth under continuous light     

Rolf Inge Pettersen  Roar MoeHans Ragnar Gislerød 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007

The effect of diurnal variations in air humidity and temperature under continuous lighting period (LP) on growth, flowering and water loss were studied in two pot-rose cultivars.  相似文献   

Characterizing leaf gas exchange responses of cotton to full and limited irrigation conditions     

Jonghan Ko  Giovanni Piccinni 《Field Crops Research》2009

Plant responses to water deficit need to be monitored for producing a profitable crop as water deficit is a major constraint on crop yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to various environmental conditions under limited water availability using commercially available varieties grown in South Texas. Soil moisture and variables of leaf gas exchange were measured to monitor water deficit for various varieties under different irrigation treatments. Lint yield and growth variables were also measured and correlations among growth parameters of interest were investigated. Significant differences were found in soil moisture, leaf net assimilation (A_n), stomatal conductance (g), transpiration rate (T_r), and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i) among irrigation treatments in 2006 while no significant differences were found in these parameters in 2007. Some leaf gas exchange parameters, e.g., T_r, and leaf temperature (T_L) have strong correlations with A_n and g. A_n and WUE were increased by 30–35% and 30–40%, respectively, at 600 μmol (CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹ in comparison with 400 μmol (CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹. Lint yield was strongly correlated with g, T_r, WUE, and soil moisture at 60 cm depth. Relative A_n, T_r, and T_L started to decrease from FTSW 0.3 at 60 cm and FTSW 0.2 at 40 cm. The results demonstrate that plant water status under limited irrigation management can be qualitatively monitored using the measures of soil moisture as well as leaf gas exchange, which in turn can be useful for describing yield reduction due to water deficit. We found that using normalized A_n, T_r, and T_L is feasible to quantify plant water deficit.  相似文献   

Stand-scale transpiration estimates in a Moso bamboo forest: (I) Applicability of sap flux measurements     

Tomonori Kume  Yuka Onozawa  Hikaru Komatsu  Kenji Tsuruta  Yoshinori Shinohara  Toshihiro Umebayashi  Kyoichi Otsuki 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010

The applicability of sap flux (F_d) measurements to bamboo forests has not been studied. This study was undertaken to establish an optimal and effective design for stand-scale transpiration (E) estimates in a Moso bamboo forest. To this aim, we validated F_d measurements in Moso bamboos in a cut bamboo experiment. In addition, we analyzed how sample sizes affect the reliability of E estimates calculated from F_d and conducting culm area (A_{S_b}). In the cut bamboo experiments, we found that F_d measurement using a 10 mm probe was a valid means of determining the water-use behavior of a Moso bamboo, although a specific correction was needed. Furthermore, we calculated E from stand A_{S_b} (A_{S_stand}) and mean stand F_d (J_S). Employing Monte Carlo analysis, we examined potential errors associated with sample size in E, A_{S_stand}, and J_S using an original dataset with A_{S_b} and F_d measured for 40 and 16 individuals, respectively. Consequently, we determined the optimal sample size for both A_{S_stand} and J_S estimates as 11. The optimal sample sizes for J_S were almost the same under different vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture conditions. The optimal sample size for J_S at the study site was less than that of a coniferous plantation in the same region probably owing to small individual-to-individual variations in sap flux in the Moso bamboo forest. Our study concludes that sap flux measurements are an applicable technique for assessing water use in Moso bamboo forests.  相似文献   

Shading decreases the growth rate of young apple fruit by reducing their phloem import     

Brunella Morandi  Marco ZibordiPasquale Losciale  Luigi ManfriniEmanuele Pierpaoli  Luca Corelli Grappadelli 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

This study investigates the effects of shading on the biophysical mechanisms of apple (Malus Domestica Bork.) fruit growth by assessing how vascular and transpiration flows to/from the fruit are affected by shading. At 30 days after full bloom, a 90% neutral shading net was applied to four trees of the cv. Gala, for seven days, while four more trees, chemically thinned, were used as control. Fruit vascular and transpiration flows were assessed from two days before, to the end of shading. The daily patterns of fruit relative growth rate (RGR) and of phloem, xylem and transpiration flows were determined by continuous monitoring of fruit diameter by automatic fruit gauges. Before shading application, no differences between the two groups of trees selected were found for any of the parameters measured. Despite shading induced an immediate drop in canopy photosynthesis, both fruit daily RGR and phloem flow decreased gradually, until reaching 20% of the before treatment values after 7 days of shading. Differences in RGR and phloem flow appeared especially during the afternoon and night, i.e. post carbon assimilation by the tree, and fruit growth rates were higher in control trees. In the same period no, or very small differences were found between treatments for transpiration rates, while xylem flow was affected later than phloem and only at specific times during the day. These results suggest that the decrease in fruit growth rate under shading should be attributed to the reduction of canopy photosynthesis, rather than to a direct effect of shading on fruit sink strength.  相似文献   

Transpiration and Leaf Movement of Cotton Cultivars Grown in the Field under Arid Conditions     

《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):266-270

Abstract

Five cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars were grown in the field in Xinjiang, China to evaluate their adaptability to arid conditions in terms of leaf temperature, transpiration rate and leaf movement. Leaf temperature was higher in the morning and lower in the afternoon as compared with air temperature. There were large differences in the transpiration rate represented by the flow rates of stem sap per unit leaf area (FRSS) among the cotton cultivars. The transpiration rate in cotton generally depended on vapor pressure deficit (VPD). In the cultivars with a low transpiring ability, however, the influence of VPD was lower in the higher range of VPD. Cultivars with higher transpiring ability tended to have higher intercepted radiation per unit leaf area (IRL), i.e., to show active diaheliotropic leaf movement. The higher transpiring ability of cotton might be able to reduce heat stresses caused by diaheliotropic leaf movement and be profitable for yield under the arid conditions.  相似文献   

北京地区4种阔叶树光合作用对CO2浓度及温度变化的响应   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

王玉涛  马志波  马钦彦  郝晓东  刘兴良 《河北农业大学学报》2006,29(6):39-43

为探讨植物对CO2浓度和温度组合变化的生态响应,在植物生长旺季,对北京地区银杏、杜仲、玉兰和华东椴4个树种叶片光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:4个树种的光合最适温在30℃左右,夏季晴天的持续高温(>30℃)不利于4个树种光合作用。在CO2浓度加倍条件下,4个树种的光合速率明显增大,但银杏和杜仲的光合最适温并未升高,玉兰则升高了2℃,华东椴升高了4℃。可以预测,未来大气CO2浓度加倍导致气温升高,对银杏和杜仲光合作用的抑制作用将加强,玉兰和华东椴将得到缓解。水汽压亏缺(VPD)对温度变化敏感,而气孔对VPD十分敏感,温度升高时,VPD增大引起气孔导度(Gs)减小,会限制叶片对外界CO2的吸收,这可能是高温限制植物光合作用的原因之一。在相同的温度条件下,CO2浓度加倍,4个树种的Gs值均有所降低。  相似文献   

基于环境VPD决策的温室甜瓜灌溉系统设计与试验     

张智  王正  刘杰成  孔婷婷  谢佳睿  张梦池 《农业机械学报》2022,53(10):371-378

为实现温室甜瓜栽培的精准自动灌溉,设计了一种基于甜瓜最优生长需求的灌溉决策系统。兼顾甜瓜产量、品质、水氮利用效率3个类别10个指标建立综合评价体系,引入融合最大隶属度的AHP法确定甜瓜栽培综合最优的日灌水水平,采用K-means聚类算法对日最优灌溉量与环境温湿度数据进行分析,建立了甜瓜不同生育期基于环境饱和水汽压差（Vapor pressure deficit,VPD）聚类结果的定量灌溉决策模型。结果表明,灌水水平120%蒸腾蒸发量下甜瓜综合生长最优,不同生育期内VPD与灌溉量在聚类形心数为3时轮廓系数(0.72)最大,组间轮廓清晰,界限分明,且在VPD较高时,灌水量显著增高,聚类结果最优。自动灌溉系统采用RS485型温湿度传感器实时监测温室内的环境参数,由STM32F103ZET6单片机实现基于模型的灌溉控制,由电子流量计对灌水量计量反馈,并通过云平台实现远程监控功能。系统应用验证试验表明,甜瓜在产量、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性蛋白含量上略优于常规农艺管理,在节水方面优势显著,甜瓜全生育期累积节省灌水量15.9%,并极大地降低劳动力成本,实现自动精量灌溉。  相似文献   

Effects of greenhouse cooling method on growth,fruit yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in a tropical climate     

Johannes F.J. Max  Walter J. Horst  Urbanus N. Mutwiwa  Hans-Jürgen Tantau 《Scientia Horticulturae》2009

A tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop was grown in four greenhouses during the dry season 2005/06 in Central Thailand. Sidewalls and roof vents of two greenhouses were covered with nets and these greenhouses were mechanically ventilated when air temperature exceeded 30 °C (NET). The other two greenhouses were covered with polyethylene film and equipped with a fan and pad cooling system (EVAP). Overall mean air temperature was significantly reduced by 2.6 and 3.2 °C (day) and 1.2 and 2.3 °C (night) in EVAP as compared to NET and outside air, respectively. Temperature maxima in EVAP averaged about 4 °C lower than in NET and outside. The relative humidity was around 20 and 30% (day) and 10 and 15% (night) higher in EVAP than in NET or outside, respectively. Vapour pressure deficit averaged 0.25 kPa in EVAP, 1.03 kPa in NET and 1.48 kPa outside. The crop water-consumption was significantly lower in EVAP (1.2) than in NET (1.8 L plant⁻¹ day⁻¹), which is ascribed to reduced transpiration in EVAP. Total fruit yield was similar in NET (6.4 kg plant⁻¹) and EVAP (6.3 kg plant⁻¹). The quantity of undersized (mostly parthenocarpic) and blossom-end rot (BER)-affected fruits was reduced in EVAP. However, the proportion of marketable yield was significantly higher in NET (4.5 kg plant⁻¹) than in EVAP (3.8 kg plant⁻¹), owing largely to an increased incidence of fruit cracking (FC) in EVAP. Higher FC but lower BER incidence coincided with higher fresh weight and Ca concentration in the fruits in EVAP. It is concluded that in regions with high atmospheric relative humidity evaporative cooling without technical modifications allowing dehumidification will not improve protected tomato production.  相似文献