Spatial distribution of Aspergillus flavus and its toxigenic strains on commercial cottonseed from south Texas and its relationship to aflatoxin contamination     

R. Jaime-Garcia  P. J. Cotty 《Plant pathology》2006,55(3):358-366

The structure of Aspergillus flavus communities associated with south Texas cottonseed was determined by analysing samples from 178 truckloads of commercial cottonseed from 35 gins, extending from Fort Bend County in the north to the Rio Grande Valley in the south, from September 1999 to October 2001. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) of A. flavus on the cottonseed, and the percentage of S strain (%S) were both correlated with aflatoxin contamination of cottonseed. The number of CFU differed between both regions and seasons, while %S differed only between regions. Comparison of maps of CFU and %S revealed that CFU shows a higher variation across years, while %S shows higher spatial variation. The Rio Grande Valley had significantly lower CFU and %S strain than the Coastal Bend and Upper Coast regions. Cottonseed produced in 1999 had significantly more A. flavus than that produced in either 2000 or 2001. Identification of factors dictating geographical variation in S-strain incidence may provide insights that will lead to improved aflatoxin management.  相似文献   

HPLC法检测发酵玉米粉中的黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

冯建蕾  许梓荣  史莹华 《中国饲料》2005,(16):25-27

发酵玉米粉用甲醇∶水(80∶20,V∶V)提取黄曲霉毒素(AFT),经免疫亲合柱(IAC)分离纯化、在线光化学衍生器柱后衍生化后,反相高效液相色谱(HPLC)荧光检测器测定AFT(B1、B2、G1、G2)含量。4种毒素在0.5ng/g和2ng/g2个水平下,样品加标回收率平均值分别为B188.0%和93.6%、B285.2%和85.3%、G192.4%和91.5%、G289.6%和85.6%;5次测定的标准差分别为:B12.5和6.3、B23.5和6.0、G12.8和9.0、G22.3和6.9;4种毒素的方法检出限均达到0.05ng/g。  相似文献   

1株降解黄曲霉毒素B1的解淀粉芽胞杆菌的分离鉴定及其体外脱毒效果     

张晓静  张杨杨  张晓峰  乔宏兴  边传周 《畜牧兽医学报》2021,52(8):2291-2301

旨在筛选出能够高效降解黄曲霉毒素B₁（AFB₁）的菌株,并对其脱毒活性组分的脱毒效果进行研究,本研究以香豆素为唯一碳源对目标细菌进行初筛,以对AFB₁的降解率为指标进行复筛,并从形态学、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析对筛选菌株进行鉴定;通过测定该菌株不同发酵组分对AFB₁的降解率,来定位其脱毒活性组分,同时采用CCK-8法测定活性组分降解AFB₁后对LMH细胞毒性,并研究了热处理、紫外线照射、强酸、强碱及蛋白酶K处理对活性组分脱毒作用的影响。结果显示,从样品中初筛分离到24株能够在初筛培养基生长良好的菌株,经复筛从中筛选到一株能高效降解AFB₁的菌株Y1-B1,其AFB₁降解率达到73.2%;经形态学、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析确定该菌为解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）。对菌株Y1-B1培养物的不同组分进行的脱毒活性研究表明,不同组分对AFB₁的降解率不同,上清液的脱毒能力最强,细菌细胞裂解物的脱毒能力下降明显,菌体悬液和菌体裂解物上清的脱毒能力最差,由此确定解淀粉芽胞杆菌Y1-B1的脱毒能力主要来源于上清液中的某种活性物质;细胞毒性结果显示,与AFB₁对LMH细胞的毒性作用相比,AFB₁被上清液降解后其产物的毒性显著降低。该脱毒活性组分对不同理化因素处理呈现出不同的表现,对高温、紫外照射抵抗力较强,对强酸、强碱抵抗力较差,蛋白酶K仅造成脱毒能力部分减弱。本研究将为解决黄曲霉毒素污染问题提供新的微生物种质资源,同时为后续微生物脱毒制剂的开发奠定基础。  相似文献   

Distribution and genetic diversity among Aspergillus flavus isolates across three agro-ecologies essential for maize cultivation in Ghana     

M. A. Dadzie  A. Oppong  K. Ofori  J. S. Y. Eleblu  B. E. Ifie  E. T. Blay  E. Obeng-Bio  Z. Appiah-Kubi  M. L. Warburton 《Plant pathology》2019,68(8):1565-1576

Fungal mycotoxins are important contaminants of agricultural commodities that pose serious concerns to producers, consumers and exporters. Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic metabolite produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. These fungi and other mould species living in the soil contaminate several crops including maize. This study was undertaken with the following objectives: (i) to assess the presence of A. flavus and other moulds in Ghanaian soil; (ii) to determine the distribution and density of A. flavus under three agro-ecologies noted for major maize production; and (iii) to assess the effect of percentage of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and soil pH on A. flavus population densities and diversity in the isolates found across the agro-ecologies. The data showed seven moulds that were common across the agro-ecologies. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the A. flavus density and distribution within and across these agro-ecologies. Fumesua soils recorded the highest levels of A. flavus (1.185 × 10³ cfu g⁻¹) while Akomadan recorded the least (9.76 × 10² cfu g⁻¹). Percentage available C, N and soil pH did not significantly influence A. flavus density. The A. flavus isolates identified in this study varied in genetic sequence within the aflatoxin gene cluster, but these differences were not distinguishable by origin.  相似文献   

陕西市售液态牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M₁污染水平分析及风险评估     

郭耀东  韩晓江  彭诗媛 《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,48(5):131-137

【目的】全面评价陕西液态牛奶中黄曲霉毒素M_1(aflatoxin M_1,AFM_1)污染状况及其产生的健康风险。【方法】于2018年上半年在陕西全省范围内城市、县城及乡镇采集液态奶样本111份进行检测,结合中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据库中液态奶消费数据,对不同人群通过液态奶对AFM_1的摄入水平进行分析。采用联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)确立的AFM_1暴露引发肝癌风险公式和安全限值两种方法,分析描述相关健康风险。【结果】111份液态奶样本中95份检出AFM_1,但均未超过国家限量标准,平均含量为23.95 ng/kg。不同性别年龄组中,一般人群对AFM_1的平均摄入量为0.004～0.082 ng/(kg·d),肝癌风险为0.010～0.225例/(亿人·年),消费人群对AFM_1平均摄入量为0.041～0.272 ng/(kg·d),肝癌风险为0.113～0.745例/(亿人·年)。【结论】陕西液态牛奶中AFM_1污染引发的健康风险总体较低,但需对部分低年龄段(2～11岁)液态奶消费人群AFM_1膳食暴露引发的健康风险予以关注。  相似文献   

果品主要真菌毒素污染检测、风险评估与控制研究进展   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

李志霞  聂继云  闫震  张晓男  关棣锴  沈友明  程杨 《中国农业科学》2017,50(2):332-347

果品在生产、贮运过程中易发生真菌性病害,不但可引起腐烂或腐败,带来严重的经济损失,部分霉菌还可能产生真菌毒素对人体健康造成潜在危害。真菌毒素是一类由丝状真菌在适宜条件下产生的有毒次级代谢产物,是继农药残留、重金属污染后,影响果品质量安全的又一类关键风险因子,具有强毒性。大量研究表明,真菌毒素可致DNA损伤,低浓度下即可对人和动物健康造成危害,使肝脏、肾脏和胃肠道发生病变,并且可致癌、致畸、致突变等,研究真菌毒素的污染状况,进行精准检测、风险评估和控制,对于果品质量安全研究具有重要意义。展青霉素(Patulin,PAT)、黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins,AF)、链格孢毒素(Alternaria toxins)和赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A,OTA)是存在于果品中的主要真菌毒素种类,国际癌症研究机构(IARC)分别将PAT、AFB1、AFM1和OTA列为第3类、1类、2B类和2B类致癌物质。通常果品中检出的真菌毒素含量极低,因此对检测方法的要求较高,目前主要的分析方法有薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱(含质谱联用)技术、气相色谱(含质谱联用)技术、毛细管电泳技术等,但往往由于化学结构和性质各异,无法采用一种标准方法完成对所有真菌毒素的定量测定。因此,筛选准确、高效、快速的检测方法也是该领域当今的研究热点。迄今为止,已有80个国家和地区制定了果品中真菌毒素的限量标准来保护消费者健康,但均未涉及链格孢霉毒素。许多国家均不同程度地开展了真菌毒素风险评估研究,基于毒理学数据的评估结果表明,大多情形下通过果品摄入的真菌毒素水平极低,不会对居民健康产生危害。果品中的真菌毒素可采用化学、物理、生物等方法进行防治、降解和控制,但无法将被真菌毒素污染后产品中的毒素完全脱除,果品中真菌毒素污染重在"防"而非"除"。本文从果品中主要真菌毒素的种类、污染状况、毒性、检测方法、限量标准、风险评估及控制技术等方面进行概述,同时,对果品中真菌毒素的重点研究方向进行了展望,以期为该领域研究者提供参考。  相似文献   

Agronomic Practices Influence Maize Grain Quality     

《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):75-91

Abstract

Maize grain yields have increased dramatically over the past fifty years, and concurrently end-uses have proliferated requiring special quality characteristics. Plant breeders have developed many specialty types of maize, all of which are influenced by the agronomic practices used to produce the crop. Grain yield increases have resulted in lower protein concentration except when the yield increase resulted from nitrogen fertilizer application. Irrigation improves the biological value of protein, while higher nitrogen application rates alter the amino acid balance thereby reducing the nutritional value. Kernel breakage susceptibility and kernel density increase with higher nitrogen fertilizer application rates, and are reduced by irrigation. Extractable starch and oil concentration are largely influenced by hybrid choice, but small production practice effects have been documented. Essential mineral nutrient levels are often influenced by soil or foliar fertilizer application. The production of aflatoxin can be reduced by irrigation or other strategies to avoid water stress during grain fill. Although genetics usually exerts the largest effect on maize grain quality, agronomic practices are also important.  相似文献   

Influence of high dietary α-tocopherol intakes on specific immune response, nonspecific resistance factors and disease resistance of healthy and aflatoxin B₁-induced immunocompromised Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)     

P.K. SAHOO  & S.C. MUKHERJEE 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2002,8(3):159-167

The effect of aflatoxin treatment and/or feeding of a high level of α‐tocopherol on immune response and disease resistance was investigated in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Group A served as a healthy control, group B was treated with aflatoxin, group C was fed a high level of α‐tocopherol whereas group D was exposed both to aflatoxin and a high level of dietary α‐tocopherol for 60 days. Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was injected once intraperitoneally into fish on the first day of the experiment (groups B & D). High levels of DL‐α‐tocopherol (1000 mg kg^–1 feed) were provided to healthy as well as AFB₁‐treated immunocompromised fish for 60 days (groups C & D). At the end of the experiment blood samples were assayed for changes in nonspecific immunity and humoral protein levels. Disease resistance against two common bacterial pathogens viz., Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda were evaluated in all groups. Significant (P < 0.05) suppression of specific immunity as measured through haemagglutination (HA) titre against sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) as well as bacterial (formalin‐killed E. tarda) agglutination titre; nonspecific resistance factors viz., globulin level, serum bactericidal and lysozyme activities, neutrophil activities, and disease resistance against two bacterial pathogens only in aflatoxin‐treated fish with respect to the control group, clearly indicated the immunosuppressive nature of aflatoxin. Feeding of a high level of α‐tocopherol to AFB₁‐treated immunocompromised fish significantly (P < 0.05) raised specific immunity, nonspecific resistance factors and disease resistance capacity when compared with aflatoxin‐exposed fish. Disease resistance and enhancement of immune status through feeding of high levels of α‐tocopherol to healthy as well as AFB₁‐treated immunocompromised fish confirmed the potential of α‐tocopherol in carp feed for prevention of disease and for combating natural/environmental immunosuppressants.  相似文献   

Field aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on maize kernels     

D. P. Gorman  M. S. Kang  T. Cleveland  R. L. Hutchinson 《Euphytica》1991,61(3):187-191

  相似文献   

臭氧防霉、杀虫和去毒效果的探讨   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

陈渠玲  邓树华  周剑宇  单建刚  夏舜良 《粮食储藏》2001,30(2):16-19

用臭氧机产生臭氧，进行高水分粮的防霉试验、几种主要储粮害虫的防治试验以及油脂的去毒试验。结果表明：较低浓度的臭氧对水分为16．6％和17．7％的玉米，15．5％和16．6％的稻谷，15．6%的糙米有显著的防霉效果；对玉米象、谷蠹的成虫有良好的杀灭作用；对油脂中的黄曲霉毒素B1有较好的降解功能。  相似文献