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Rocío González Jesús Domingo Celada José Manuel Carral Vanesa García María Sáez‐Royuela Álvaro González 《Aquaculture Research》2011,42(9):1385-1392
Recent advances in crayfish feeding have enabled the development of size grading studies from the start of first‐feeding. A 180‐day experiment aimed at intensive rearing of Pacifastacus leniusculus was carried out under controlled conditions, evaluating the effects of size grading at two different periods from the onset of exogenous feeding. Stage 2 juveniles were stocked in fibreglass tanks at a density of 100 m2, and fed a dry diet for salmonids combined with restricted amounts of Artemia cysts. Five groups were tested: no grading, grading at 60 days (large and small size) and grading at 100 days (large and small size). After 6 months, no significant differences were found in the survival among groups (mean: 73.06%). The highest final growth (pooled results from upper and lower classes: 17.39 mm carapace length, 1.43 g weight) was achieved by the crayfish sorted at 60 days, showing significant differences from the ungraded group. Smaller crayfish graded at 60 days grew significantly faster than smaller crayfish graded at 100 days. The food conversion ratio was lower in the graded groups (mean: 2.64), showing significant differences from the ungraded group (3.23). This study shows that size grading allows a better performance and an improved feeding efficiency. 相似文献
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Muzaffer Mustafa Harlıoğlu 《Aquaculture International》2009,17(1):31-43
Growth experiments carried out with two juvenile crayfish species, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz and Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), at different temperatures and densities highlighted the problem of cannibalism under conditions aimed at intensifying
crayfish production. Cannibalism proved to be much lower in A. leptodactylus than P. leniusculus, suggesting that the former might be the better candidate for astaciculture. In the first of two population survival trials,
A. leptodactylus showed a higher survival rate than P. leniusculus, with 26% of P. leniusculus surviving in the first replicate, compared to 42.3% of P. leniusculus, and 40.76% surviving in the second replicate, compared to 47.6% of P. leniusculus. The same trend was observed in the second experiment, with P. leniusculus showing survival rates of 48.5 and 55.3% (first and second replicates, respectively) in comparison to 65.2 and 68.2%, respectively,
for A. leptodactylus. It is therefore highly likely that if P. leniusculus were to become established in Turkey, it would outcompete the native A. leptodactylus even if it were not to be devastated by the crayfish plague that has decimated the native species. The experiments also highlighted
the problem of differential growth, with some juveniles hardly growing at all while others reached a relatively large size.
The range in carapace length (CL) was 9–18 mm for A. leptodactylus and 8.5–18.5 mm CL for P. leniusculus at the end of the first experiment. While both species grew quickly, P. leniusculus hatched earlier, giving it an advantage over A. leptodactylus; consequently, by the end of the summer, the juveniles of the former were larger than those of A. leptodactylus. Specific growth rate values showed that the juveniles of the two species had similar growth rates. The results also revealed
that growth was not significantly affected by density in both species at 15°C, but at 25°C, growth was significantly better
at a density of 234 juveniles m−2 than at 468 juveniles m−2, and better at 468 juveniles m−2 than at 937 juveniles m−2 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). We conclude that P. leniusculus is a good candidate for aquaculture as it has a rapid growth rate and early hatching and maturity; however, its aggressive
behavior may make it a less attractive proposition than A. leptodactylus, which is also fast growing but less aggressive.
This study is a part of PhD study of M.M. Harlıoğlu, who is supported by Fırat University Elazığ, Turkey. 相似文献
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J.B. Fuertes J.D. Celada J.M. Carral M. Sáez‐Royuela Á. González‐Rodríguez 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2014,20(2):213-218
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of practical diets with different levels of vitamin A on survival and growth of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). An 80‐day trial was conducted with stage 2 juveniles from the onset of exogenous feeding. Four diets differing in the level of retinyl acetate were tested: 0, 0.0025, 0.0050 or 0.0100 g kg?1 diet, equivalent to 0, 2500, 5000 or 10 000 IU vitamin A kg?1 diet, respectively. Each diet was tested on grouped or individually isolated crayfish. Crayfish fed the diet with 5000 or 10 000 IU vitamin A kg?1 diet achieved the highest survival (average of grouped and isolated: 88.9%) and growth (grouped and isolated: 13.45 mm carapace length, 533.4 mg weight). Final growth of isolated crayfish was significantly higher than that of grouped crayfish for all diets. This study provides the first data on vitamin A requirements of freshwater crayfish. A level of 5000 IU vitamin A kg?1 can be recommended for juvenile P. leniusculus during the first period of intensive rearing. 相似文献
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Damian H. Bubb Oliver J. O'Malley Angela C. Gooderham Martyn C. Lucas 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2009,19(4):448-455
- 1. The North American signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus has been widely introduced throughout Europe where it is expanding its range and in many areas replacing the native white‐clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes. There is concern with regards to the impact of this species replacement on benthic fish. Interspecific behavioural interactions and competition for shelter between the benthic fish, bullhead Cottus gobio and A. pallipes and P. leniusculus were measured to assess the comparative impact of native and non‐native crayfish.
- 2. Both white‐clawed crayfish and signal crayfish were dominant over bullhead. Bullheads moved away from approaches of crayfish, left shelters on entry of crayfish and rarely entered an occupied shelter. Signal crayfish made significantly more aggressive approaches towards bullheads than white‐clawed crayfish.
- 3. Alone, bullheads spent most of their time by day under shelter (median 96%), reflecting a highly entrained behavioural response, which was relaxed by night (median 60%). Both crayfish species reduced shelter use by bullheads although the extent of shelter sharing by bullheads was higher in trials with white‐clawed crayfish than with signal crayfish.
- 4. Sampling in the River Wharfe, northern England, where signal and white‐clawed crayfish and bullhead currently exist, demonstrated a negative relationship between the densities of signal crayfish and bullhead, with high bullhead abundance where crayfish were absent or where white‐clawed crayfish were present at low density.
- 5. Assuming that shelter is sometimes limited under natural conditions, crayfish are likely to displace bullheads from shelters, which may increase predation risk for bullheads. Although the effects of signal crayfish on bullhead shelter use were more intense, the pattern was highly evident for the native white‐clawed crayfish. The higher fecundity and densities attained by signal crayfish may be more significant than differences in the behaviour of the two crayfish species in determining the impact of crayfish on bullheads.
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Crayfish are amongst the most frequently introduced non-native aquatic organisms, with well-documented negative effects on a large number of freshwater taxa. Crayfish-control attempts often make use of manual removal by trapping, a method known preferentially to remove the largest individuals. Studies from aquaculture suggest that lowered population densities and the preferential removal of large individuals may result in non-removed individuals demonstrating increased growth rates. We test the hypothesis under wild conditions, that removal by trapping of American signal crayfish from a UK river would result in an improvement in body condition in the remaining crayfish. We studied four 100 m stretches of two rivers, the Evenlode and Thame, comprising two removal and two non-removal stretches. Each river supported both treatments. Half of the crayfish captured from the removal sections were removed and humanely destroyed by freezing. All crayfish captured from the non-removal sections were marked and returned at the point of capture. Crayfish were more likely to be captured if relatively large and with intact chelae. Catch per unit effort was reduced at the removal sites, and still remained significantly lower between capture sessions. The mean carapace length of crayfish was smaller at removal than non-removal sites. Over the course of the experiment, crayfish at the removal sites became progressively heavier for a given carapace length. The results of this study are consistent with expectations if removals reduced the population density, particularly of large, competitively dominant crayfish, resulting in higher growth rates in the remaining population. This study confirms the possibility that the effects of manual removal by trapping may be at least partially counteracted by density dependent effects improving the body condition of the non-removed portion of the population. 相似文献
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Tero Ahvenharju Riitta Savolainen Jouni Tulonen & Kari Ruohonen 《Aquaculture Research》2005,36(9):857-867
Effects of size grading and stocking density on growth and survival of 3.5‐month‐old signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana) juveniles were investigated in a 3 × 2 factorial design with size group (small, large and mixed) and stocking density (25 and 200 individuals m?2) as factors for 90 days. Carapace length and wet weight growth of the juveniles were affected by the presence or absence of other size groups, stocking density and animal size. All factors had statistically significant interactions, which make the interpretation of the results more complicated. The smaller crayfish grew faster in the absence of large animals and larger animals benefited from the presence of smaller cospecies. Increasing density decreased the growth in length and weight. Survival (82–100%) was good in all groups. Subsequently, the within population dynamics was studied by selectively removing the largest individuals (selectively removing (SR) group). Effects on growth and survival of the remaining juveniles were evaluated on 6‐month‐old P. leniusculus juveniles reared in plastic tanks (100 juveniles m?2) for 122 days. Size distribution manipulation was performed at days 34 and 70. Juveniles in SR group grew significantly faster in comparison with a control group (RR), from which juveniles were removed randomly. Also, the survival rate was significantly higher in the SR group than in the RR group. In conclusion, size grading of juvenile P. leniusculus either at the start of the experiment or repeatedly during the experiment increased growth performance of smaller animals in length and weight. 相似文献
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J.B. Fuertes J.D. Celada J.M. Carral M. Sáez‐Royuela Á. González‐Rodríguez 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2014,20(1):36-43
The aim of this study was to evaluate different replacement levels of fishmeal (FM) by feather meal (FeM) on survival and growth of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). An 80‐day experiment was conducted with stage 2 juveniles from the onset of exogenous feeding. Four practical diets (500 g kg?1 protein) differing in the level of replacement of FM protein by FeM protein were prepared: 0% (control diet), 15% (8.2% dietary FeM), 25% (13.7% dietary FeM) or 35% (19.2% dietary FeM). Each diet was tested on grouped or individually isolated crayfish. Crayfish fed the control diet or 15% replacement achieved the highest survival (average of grouped and isolated: 88.2%) and growth (grouped and isolated: 13.58 mm carapace length, 523.2 mg weight) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (average of grouped and isolated: 1.11). Final growth of isolated crayfish was significantly higher than that of grouped crayfish for all diets. This study provides the first data on the substitution possibilities of FM by FeM in diets for freshwater crayfish. An 8.2% of FeM (15% replacement of FM protein) can be included in extruded diets for juvenile P. leniusculus during the first 80 days of intensive rearing without impairing growth or feed conversion. 相似文献
10.
Rui-Zhang Guan 《Aquaculture International》2000,8(1):59-76
In 1984, 40 mature and 100 immature signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), were introduced into the River Great Ouse, England. By 1994, the population had spread up and down stream to occupy an 11.4 km river section. The estimated density and biomass (wet weight) of the population in 1993 were highest in summer at 4.0 m–2 and 133 g m–2 respectively, with annual means of 2.2 m–2 and 82 g m–2 for crayfish of >30 mm carapace length (CL) in the pool (P2) where the crayfish were originally introduced. Density and biomass were 15 m–2 and 78 g m–2, with annual means of 6.1 m–2 and 33 g m–2 for crayfish of all sizes in a riffle 300 m downstream from P2. An annual survival rate of 14% was estimated for crayfish >30 mm CL in P2 in 1993. The relative abundance estimated for six riffles and six pools in 1994 showed that crayfish abundance decreased gradually from the original site of introduction both up and down the river. Estimated annual production of crayfish >35 mm CL in P2 for 1993 was 52.58 g m–2 WW, with a turnover ratio (production/biomass) of 0.44. 相似文献