黄土丘陵区不同管理方式下草地优势种群的生态位     

张伟  何俊皓  郝文芳 《草业科学》2016,33(7):1391-1402

以吴起县杨青川流域草地为研究对象,对封育(Enclosure)、放牧(Grazing)、施肥(Fertilization)、刈割(Clipping)、灭鼠(Deratization)5种管理方式的草地群落进行调查,并运用Levins生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠指数对5种管理方式下主要植物种群生态位特征进行分析。结果表明,达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)和硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)的种群总生态位宽度较大,封育放牧施肥刈割灭鼠管理模式下,生态位宽度最大的分别是达乌里胡枝子、赖草、紫花地丁(Viola philippica)、达乌里胡枝子和猪毛蒿,生态位宽度值大于4的物种数分别为6、6、3、4和3种。不同管理方式下各种对间的重叠指数平均值由大到小依次封育放牧施肥刈割灭鼠。施肥管理中,种群间生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间存在线性关系,其它管理方式中种群生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间不存在线性关系。生态位分析表明,封育和放牧管理下种群间对资源的需求趋于相同,彼此间通过竞争共存,有利于群落演替,草地生态系统逐渐得到恢复,施肥、刈割、灭鼠管理使群落物种竞争排序发生变化,破坏了草地生态系统原有的竞争机制,导致群落向简单群落演替。从牧草发展角度出发,封育、施肥和刈割有利于优质牧草生长。  相似文献   

兰州引黄灌区玉米田杂草群落及生态位研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

马丽荣  蔺海明  陈玉梁  李荣 《草业学报》2007,16(2):111-117

对兰州引黄灌区玉米田杂草进行了研究,初步了解了其杂草种类和杂草种群的消长动态。主要杂草有打碗花、田旋花、藜、刺儿菜、荠菜、稗草、马齿苋、反枝苋、狗尾草。主要杂草的干重为藜、反枝苋、稗草分别列第1、第2和第3位。生态位的研究结果表明,藜的时间、水平、垂直生态位宽度值最高,分别为0.952 6,0.971 8,0.937 9,其危害最大;其次为反枝苋和稗草。藜、反枝苋和稗草为优势种群,与玉米存在时间、水平、垂直空间的竞争激烈,并且这3种杂草的生态位重叠值也最大,因此在使用一种除草剂时,可能会导致另两种杂草的发生与蔓延。马齿苋尽管数量最多,但其在垂直方位的生态位宽度值最小,对玉米影响小,处于劣势。除草处理各经济性状指标值均较不除草对照高,其折合产量为10 111.11 kg/hm2,较不除草处理增产36.19%。  相似文献   

白羊草灌丛草地种群生态位的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

许庆方董宽虎  魏来翠张瑞红柴娅红  杜新平韩河平 《四川草原》2006,(2):1-5

运用以Shannon-Wieren指数为基础的生态位宽度计测公式和Pianka的生态位重叠计测公式,在土壤水分、土壤pH值、土壤全氮含量3个资源维上研究白羊草灌丛草地主要植物种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠关系。建群种白羊草的平均生态位最高,为0．905;达乌里胡枝子的生态位宽度仅次于白羊草。表明白羊草、达乌里胡枝子具有最强的耐受北方寒冷干燥及家畜放牧利用的能力。白羊草在3个资源维上同其他种群的生态住重叠值都较高,表明其在群落中具有较强的占据资源优势能力。因此,在对退化白羊草灌丛草地植被恢复时,白羊草和达乌里胡枝子是首选草种。  相似文献   

人工-天然杉阔混交林种群生态位及竞争研究   总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20  

陈存及  陈新芳  刘金福  董建文  陈世品 《林业科学》2004,40(1):78-83

对人工 -天然杉阔混交林中 4个主要种群进行生态位研究 ,定量测定混交林中主要种群生态位宽度、生态位相似比例、生态位重叠 ,并分析了各种群生态位的生态学意义 ;同时采用Lotka_Volterra竞争方程研究混交林中主要种群。结果表明 :通过定量的生态位分析 ,结果与自然规律相符合。平衡时 ,杉木和米槠相对优势度分别为87 4 5 %和 12 5 5 % ,即人工 -天然杉阔混交林仍将由杉木、米槠两种种群共优组成 ,杉木种群支配整个群落。  相似文献   

物种或种群生态位宽度与生态位重叠的计测模型   总被引：31，自引：2，他引：31  

李德志  石强  臧润国  王绪平  盛丽娟  朱志玲  王长爱 《林业科学》2006,42(7):95-103

提出生态位宽度和生态位重叠的新定义及其若干测度模型.对不同学者提出的许多测度生态位宽度和生态位重叠的模型进行分析和评述.迄今为止,在国内限于单一生态资源轴上的生态位参数计测研究很多,随着多维生态位计测方法的不断发展,物种或种群在多维生态空间内的生态位宽度和生态位重叠计测,将备受关注.  相似文献   

Feeding ecology of fishes associated with Egeria spp. patches in a tropical reservoir, Brazil     

F. M. Pelicice  A. A. Agostinho 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2006,15(1):10-19

Abstract –  This research characterised feeding ecology of fishes associated with patches of Egeria najas and Egeria densa , two submerged macrophytes, in Rosana Reservoir, Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Fishes were sampled using a 1 m² throw trap in patches of different macrophyte biomass and in three diel periods during a wet season. Fish diet (10 species) was primarily composed of autochthonous items (zooplankton, algae and aquatic insect larvae). Almost all intra-specific diet patterns had moderate to low levels of diet similarity, indicating a high variability in diet. Some species showed no diel patterns in feeding activity, whereas others were primarily diurnal or nocturnal. No differences in feeding activity were observed among habitats of medium and high macrophyte biomasses, and species tended to feed on the same items among these habitats. The most abundant fish species demonstrated low inter-specific diet overlap and appear not to compete for food resources. We suggest that Egeria patches are feeding grounds and shelter for small-sized fish species.  相似文献   

Competitive interactions between native and exotic salmonids: a combined field and laboratory demonstration   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

S. Blanchet  G. Loot  G. Grenouillet  S. Brosse 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2007,16(2):133-143

Abstract –  We studied the impact of two exotic salmonid species (brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ) on native brown trout ( Salmo trutta fario ) habitat, growth and survival. Habitat selection and vertical distribution between young-of-the-year of the three species were examined in a stream aquarium under different sympatric and allopatric combinations. In addition, similar species combinations were introduced in a Pyrenean mountain stream (southwest France) in order to extend laboratory results to growth and apparent survival. Both laboratory and field results indicated that rainbow trout significantly affected native brown trout habitat selection and apparent survival. On the contrary, brown trout habitat, growth and apparent survival were hardly affected by brook trout. These results support the idea that rainbow trout negatively influence native brown trout, and that competition could influence the outcome of fish biological invasions in freshwater ecosystems.  相似文献   

Stable isotopes and gut content show diet overlap among native and introduced piscivores in a large oligotrophic lake   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

L. R. Clarke  D. T. Vidergar  D. H. Bennett 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2005,14(3):267-277

Abstract – In past dietary studies kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka were prominent in the diet of Pend Oreille Lake's large piscivores: native bull trout Salvelinus confluentus, cutthroat trout O. clarki and northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis, and introduced lake trout S. namaycush and Kamloops rainbow trout O. mykiss gairdneri. However, kokanee have declined to 10–20% of their former abundance. We therefore initiated this study to understand current predation demands on kokanee and diet overlap among piscivores, using gut content samples and analysis of stable nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and carbon (δ¹³C) isotopes from the lake's fish and invertebrate community. In gut content samples, kokanee were the main prey item of large [i.e., ≥400 mm total length (TL)] bull and lake trout; a conclusion that was affirmed by stable isotope analysis. Rainbow trout >500 mm TL consumed mostly kokanee, thus there was a high degree of diet overlap among large bull, lake and rainbow trout. Small (i.e., <400 mm TL) rainbow and cutthroat trout diets overlapped, and were composed mostly of littoral benthic invertebrates. However, gut content and stable isotope analysis did not accord for 400–500 mm TL rainbow trout, small lake trout, and large cutthroat trout. In these instances, a linear mixing model using stable isotope results predicted kokanee consumption for each species, but no kokanee were identified in rainbow or lake trout gut content. Gut content and stable isotope analysis of native northern pikeminnow indicated a diet of mostly littoral benthic invertebrates at smaller (100–150 mm TL) lengths, with kokanee becoming more prominent in the diet of individuals >300 mm TL. Percent of kokanee in the diet of northern pikeminnow has declined from a prior study; otherwise piscivore diets have apparently remained unchanged. In this study, judgments as to the feeding of some piscvores, based on gut content alone, would be tenuous because of small sample sizes, but stable isotope analysis provided an efficient means for confirming diets.  相似文献   

渤海主要生物种间关系及食物网的研究↑（*）   总被引：24，自引：8，他引：24  

邓景耀  姜卫民  杨纪明  李军 《中国水产科学》1997,4(4):1-7

根据１９９２年－１９９３年渤海增殖生态基础调查大面定点底拖网试捕的渔获物，对渤海２７种鱼类和１０种虾蟹类的３８０１个胃含物样品进行了分析，并与１０年前渤海鱼类的食性进行了比较。结果表明：蓝点马鲛、小黄鱼和白姑鱼等主要捕食鱼类胃含物中鱼的比例较１０年前明显增加，鱼类的食性类型无明显变化。渤海低级肉食性鱼类的营养级由１９８２－１９８３年的平均２．４上升为２．５，中、高级肉食性鱼类的营养级分别由原来的平均３．２和３．８降为２．８和３．３。渤海主要鱼类之间饵料重叠系数大于０．６的占１５％。鱼为渤海多数中、高级肉食性鱼类的主要摄食对象。  相似文献   

Contrasting intraspecific dietary shifts in two terapontid assemblages from Australia’s wet‐dry tropics     

Aaron M. Davis  Bradley J. Pusey  Richard G. Pearson 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2012,21(1):42-56

Abstract – This study assessed the size‐related patterns of dietary resource use in terapontid assemblages from two north Australian wet‐dry tropical river systems exhibiting contrasting long‐term flow regimes. Substantially higher size‐related dietary divergence in the form of additional trophic guilds and lower levels of dietary overlap were evident among terapontids from the comparatively stable Daly River system, particularly during the dry season. Relatively restricted expression of size‐related dietary shifts in conjunction with higher levels of dietary overlap and no significant seasonal effects on dietary overlap were features of assemblage interaction in the highly variable Burdekin River. Results highlight size‐related dietary shifts as a complex aspect of terapontid trophic habits, and one that can exhibit considerable spatial dynamism.  相似文献