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1.
Experimental culture of the native Amazonian fish tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, in fixed cages was carried out over a period of 8 months, in Lake Urubu (Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil), to assess the viability of fixed cage culture of tambaqui and to test the influence of diet on growth rates. Nine synthetic net cages (1 m3) were each stocked with 45-day-old fish (mean weight 3 g; mean total body length 51 mm) at a density of 34 fry m–3. During the first 2 months of culture, fish were fed a balanced formulated feed on an as-fed basis at the rate of 5% body weight day–1. During months 3–8 this continued for fish in treatment 1 while those in treatment 2 were fed tropical regional fruits, on a wet weight basis at the rate of 5% body wt day–1. Fish in treatment 3 were given no supplementary feed. Monthly biometric measurements were made on all fish. Fixed cage fish culture was shown to be a viable and simple technique. Survival in all treatments was 100%. With balanced supplementary feed, production was 14.4 kg m–3, compared with 4.9 kg m–3 and 2.1 kg m–3, respectively, in the treatments where fish were fed with fruits and were not given any supplementary feed.  相似文献   
2.
This study evaluated the impact of pond management on tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier), rearing during the growout phase. Juvenile tambaqui were stocked in ponds with three different management regimes: (1) natural ponds (Nat); (2) limed ponds (Lim); and (3) limed and bimonthly fertilized ponds (LimFer). The experiment lasted 210 days and the growth parameters were evaluated monthly. Water quality and effluent measurements were performed every 15 days and at the end of the experiment yield parameters were obtained. There was no difference in weight and length among treatments. Stomach contents and zooplankton availability were not influenced by pond management, but the rearing period had an influence on them. Food conversion rate (FCR) was better in fish from the Lim treatment than in fish from the Nat treatment. The pH, hardness and alkalinity values were significantly higher in the Lim and LimFer ponds, where the liming procedure was performed. The effluent analysis showed a more potentially impacting effluent in the LimFer treatment, where phosphorus and orthophosphate concentrations showed values significantly higher than those in Lim and Nat ponds. The results show that the Lim treatment is the best approach, as in this treatment fish achieve market size, better FCR, yield and have a reduced environmental impact.  相似文献   
3.
Several investigations have been carried out to improve the productivity of tambaqui, an economically important fish species in Brazil and other Latin American countries. This study determined the digestible protein (DP) requirements in juvenile tambaqui by assessing their productive performance and nutritional efficiency. It also evaluated the effects of different dietary DP levels on the morphology and cellularity of skeletal fast muscle fibres. The 1750 tambaqui tested (6.53 ± 0.43 g body weight, 7.58 ± 0.18 cm length) were randomly distributed into 35 tanks. Fish were fed one of the seven isocaloric diets, which contained 140, 170, 200, 230, 260, 290 or 320 g/kg DP. The DP requirement, calculated by segmented (broken line) regression of weight gain data, was 290 g/kg. An increase in diet DP to 290 g/kg significantly improved final weight, weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate and crude protein gain, and changed fibre diameter in deep muscle. Muscle fibres were randomly distributed into a mosaic pattern, characterized by fibres with different diameters. Treatments with 290 and 320 g/kg DP increased the frequency of large‐diameter fibres (>50 µm), indicating hypertrophic growth of skeletal muscle during the juvenile phase, which occurred in conjunction with hyperplasia.  相似文献   
4.
The need for a sustainable aquaculture is increasing the use of plant ingredients in replacement to fishmeal and fish oil in diets for tambaqui Colossoma macropomum, which is leading to not detectable levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in its flesh. We evaluated the effect of a finishing plant diet supplemented with 5% of microalgae meal from Schizochytrium sp. (MD) on tambaqui growth, on proximal composition and fatty acid content of its flesh, comparing it to a non‐supplemented diet. One hundred and sixty‐two fish (489.67 g) were distributed into six tanks (2,000 L) and fed the experimental diets for a 90‐day period. Three fish per tank were euthanized for analyses every 15 days. The MD did not affect the growth and proximal composition of fish flesh. The MD increased the DHA content (from 14.81 to 38.60 mg/g of lipids) and the n‐3:n‐6 ratio (from 0.16 to 0.51) in the flesh of fish, beginning on the 15th day and reaching the highest DHA content on the 71st day (39.81 mg/g of lipids). We recommend C. macropomum to be fed with a finishing diet supplemented with microalgae meal for 71 days before slaughter to improve the DHA content and n‐3:n‐6 ratio in the flesh.  相似文献   
5.
Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier) is a fish of primary importance in Amazon aquaculture. It has been described as an acid‐resistant species that moves seasonally between white (muddy) water and black water rivers and enters the extremely dilute acidic areas of flooded jungle to feed during the rainy season. To analyse the pH tolerance of this species, tambaqui were exposed to three water pH levels for 40 days (pH 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0). The water was acidified slowly over 3 h, allowing the fish to acclimate. A similar protocol was used to adjust water pH to 8.0. No mortality was observed during the exposure period. Several haematological parameters were significantly changed in alkaline‐exposed animals, with significant decreases in haematocrit (20%), haemoglobin concentration (8%) and red blood cells (12%). Tambaqui showed severe blood variations when exposed to alkaline pH. Fish final weight, condition factor and specific growth rate (SGR) was inversely proportional to a pH increase, and SGR were higher for fish reared in acidic water. The relative insensitivity of tambaqui to low pH confirms its acid tolerance and is in accordance with its natural occurrence in black water habitats.  相似文献   
6.
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7.
Monogeneans are ectoparasites that may cause losses in production and productivity in the aquaculture of Colossoma macropomum. Chemotherapeutics used in aquaculture usually have major adverse effects on fish; hence, the use of essential oils has been considered advantageous, but these are not soluble in water. Thus, the use of nanostructures to enhance water solubility of compounds and improve bioactivity may be very promising. This study investigated the antiparasitic activity of nanoemulsion prepared with Copaifera officinalis oleoresin (50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg/L), against monogenean parasites from the gills of C. macropomum. The particle size distribution and zeta potential suggested that a potentially kinetic stable system was generated. The nanoemulsion from C. officinalis oleoresin achieved high efficacy (100%) at low concentrations (200 and 300 mg/L) after 15 min of exposure. This was the first time that a nanoemulsion was generated from C. officinalis oleoresin using a solvent‐free, non‐heating and low‐energy method. Moreover, this was the first time that an antiparasitic against monogeneans on fish gills, based on nanoemulsion of C. officinalis oleoresin, was tested.  相似文献   
8.
This study aimed to elaborate a convenience food – sous vide – and establish its shelf life by monitoring physicochemical, microbiological, and sensorial characteristics. Sous vide fillets were prepared from tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) with two types of sauces: soy sauce (SS) and basil sauce (BS), at a pasteurization temperature of 65°C for 12.5 min, a binomial established according to a 22 central composite rotational design. The packed samples were kept under refrigeration in the range of 1 ± 1°C, and then they underwent analyses at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days of storage. The results of the microbiological analyses indicated that microorganisms remained below acceptable limits either in the raw material or in the sous vide over the storage period. The characteristics that sous vide SS and BS showed on the 42nd and 49th days of shelf life, respectively, indicate that these products, when appropriate processing and storage are used, can preserve their fresh quality.  相似文献   
9.
An economical and efficient approach to reduce the impact of P discharge by aquaculture industry is to adjust the P level in fish feeds to the precise nutrient requirement at different growth stages in a digestible nutrient basis. However, P requirement seems to be species specific and affected by several physiological, dietary and environmental factors. Based on the importance of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) to Latin American aquaculture, we designed a 63‐day trial to evaluate the effect of available P (AP) levels on growth, nutrient digestibility, haematology and blood biochemical parameters, carcass proximate composition and bone mineralization. Quadruplicate groups of tambaqui juveniles (144 ± 2.0 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (278 g kg?1 digestible protein) and isocaloric (13.5 Mj DE kg?1) diets containing graded AP levels (3.0, 5.6, 7.5, 9.1 and 11.0 g kg?1) following a completely randomized design. Dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was used as the main P source. No mortalities and signs of P deficiency were observed among the dietary treatments. A remarkably high P digestibility was observed in all plant‐based diets with a tendency of decreasing P digestibility with the increase in total P levels. Tambaqui seems to be able to grow well without inorganic P supplementation during the trials; however, this species required 7.0 g AP kg?1 diet for proper bone mineralization. P supplementation had a limited effect on haematology and blood biochemistry of tambaqui. Ecological implications of natural feeding habit and evolutionary position of this species are further discussed, and new hypothesis are drawn based on our results.  相似文献   
10.
Colossoma macropomum is the second largest scaled fish in the Amazon basin. Reduced harvests in recent decades suggest that populations of this species are already overexploited in some areas. In this study, the population dynamics of C. macropomum was investigated using length and weight data for fish caught in the Manacapuru Lake system, a large ria lake located along the lower reach of the Solimões River. A total of 1270 individuals of C. macropomum with standard lengths varying from 17 to 62 cm and mean length of 31.0 ± 6.7 cm were sampled. Weights varied from 165 to 8195 g, and mean weight was 1148.3 ± 883.8 g. Maximum sustainable yield was estimated at 285.8 g recruit−1, corresponding to a fishing mortality of 0.51 year−1. A scenario analysis based on changes in fishing mortality and age at first capture, two parameters potentially addressed by fishing management strategies, suggested that any improvement in fishing yield depends on increases in age at first capture.  相似文献   
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