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1.
Nutrient availability and corn growth in a poultry litter biochar‐amended loam soil in a greenhouse experiment 
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下载免费PDF全文 Nutrient‐rich biochar produced from animal wastes, such as poultry litter, may increase plant growth and nutrient uptake although the role of direct and indirect mechanisms, such as stimulation of the activity of mycorrhizal fungi and plant infection, remains unclear. The effects of poultry litter biochar in combination with fertilizer on mycorrhizal infection, soil nutrient availability and corn (Zea mays L.) growth were investigated by growing corn in a loam soil in a greenhouse with biochar (0, 5 and 10 Mg/ha) and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer (0, half and full rates). Biochar did not affect microbial biomass C or N, mycorrhizal infection, or alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities, but acid phosphomonoesterase activities, water‐soluble P, Mehlich‐3 Mg, plant height, aboveground and root biomass, and root diameter were greater with 10 Mg/ha than with no biochar. Root length, volume, root tips and surface area were greatest in the fully fertilized soil receiving 10 Mg/ha biochar compared to all other treatments. The 10 Mg/ha biochar application may have improved plant access to soil nutrients by promoting plant growth and root structural features, rather than by enhancing mycorrhizal infection rates. 相似文献
2.
保障水稻稳定增产事关国家粮食安全。水中的农药、化肥、重金属等物质随稻田尾水流出，排入周边水域，易造成水体面源污染。生物炭具有原材料丰富、孔隙结构发达、比表面积大、离子交换能力强、成本效益高等优势，已被广泛应用于环境修复领域。生物炭经适当改性能增加吸附活性位，提高吸附性能。在促沉净化材料中添加生物炭或生物炭基材料，可增强稻田面源污染促沉净化装置效能，提高稻田尾水利用率，助推农业绿色发展。本文介绍了稻田尾水的特点、常见处理技术及治理意义，阐述了生物炭及生物炭基材料在稻田尾水净化中的应用，展望了稻田尾水防治工作待深入开展的方向，并提出了生物炭材料在参与废水处理上存在的问题，以期为促进生态循环农业发展提供参考。 相似文献
3.
Subham Mukherjee Jagdeep Singh Bhupinder Pal Singh 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2020,66(6):778-791
ABSTRACTThermo-chemical conversion of crop residues to produce biochar is an emerging strategy in the context of sustainable phosphorous (P) use and residue management. An incubation study for 90 d was conducted to investigate the effects of rice-residue biochar (0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg?1) in combination with inorganic-P (KH2PO4) (0, 25 and 50 mg kg?1) on phosphorous availability in medium- and high-P status soils. Increasing biochar addition rates alone or in combination with inorganic-P resulted in a significant increase in P pools, i.e. plant available P or Olsen-P (from 8 to 132 mg kg?1 in medium-P and 15 to 160 mg kg?1 in high-P soils), microbial biomass P and various mineral-bound inorganic-P fractions in the order (Ca-P > organic-P > Al-P > loosely held/soluble-P > Fe-P > reductant soluble-P). Further, lower phosphatase activity (19–50%) with increasing rates of biochar addition in both soils elucidates the ability of biochar to act as a long-term source of available P in the experimental soils. The results demonstrate that rice-residue biochar can directly or indirectly enhance the status of available P in soils and hence can be used as a beneficial amendment to meet the crop P demand. 相似文献
4.
Biochar amendments to soils have been suggested as a strategy to sequester carbon and therefore mitigate global climate change. The enrichment of soils with charred materials also increases their fertility. This fertilising effect of biochar may be caused by various mechanisms; an acceleration of nutrient cycling has been suggested as one such mechanism. The rate-limiting step in nutrient cycling is thought to be the extracellular enzymatic attack on biological macromolecules. In this study, therefore, the effects of chestnut wood char (specific surface area 2.0 m2 g−1) and of activated carbon (specific surface area approximately 900 m2 g−1) on an extracellular enzymatic reaction involved in the degradation of cellulose (i.e., hydrolysis of cellobiose by β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger) were investigated. Cellobiose was not adsorbed by chestnut wood char, whereas activated carbon absorbed more than 97% of it. Both charred materials adsorbed more than 99% of β-glucosidase. For chestnut wood char, adsorption of the enzyme caused a decrease of approximately 30% in the reaction rate, whereas for activated carbon, the nearly complete absorption of both substrate and enzyme entirely inhibited the reaction. These results show that β-glucosidase from A. niger retains most of its activity when adsorbed to chestnut wood char and that the reaction it catalyses in nature is only slightly affected by this charred material. On the other hand, a material characterised by a high specific surface area and high porosity, such as activated carbon, can make even a highly soluble substrate unavailable for soil enzymes and therefore completely inhibit the reaction. Thus, charred materials may affect nutrient cycling mainly by regulating the availability of substrates: the degradation of highly soluble substrates may be accelerated by materials with low specific surface area, which maintain an active and protected enzyme pool, whereas materials with high specific surface and high porosity may slow down the degradation by making substrates unavailable. 相似文献
5.
Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with 13C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO2-C g−1 soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO2-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C. 相似文献
6.
杉木凋落物及其生物炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内的杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,设置单独添加生物炭、单独添加凋落物以及混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理,进行一年的室内培养实验,研究不同添加物处理对土壤性质及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:与对照(S)相比,单独添加凋落物与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使土壤磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)总量、真菌丰度以及真菌/细菌比值显著增加;单独添加生物炭与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使革兰氏阳性细菌/革兰氏阴性细菌比值显著增加。混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理的放线菌丰度显著高于单独添加凋落物处理的。主成分分析表明,不同添加物处理的土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异;典范对应分析表明,不同添加物处理通过改变土壤p H、全碳、全氮、C/N、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和可溶性有机氮(DON)等性质,进而影响土壤微生物群落结构。 相似文献
7.
生物炭添加对酸化土壤中小白菜氮素利用的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
针对菜地土壤酸化趋势显著、氮肥利用率低下等突出问题,以小白菜为供试作物,设置了前3季连续施用化肥氮及后2季不施化肥氮的5季盆栽试验,研究生物炭添加对酸化土壤上连续多季种植小白菜的产量、氮肥利用率以及土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明:在连续添加化肥氮的条件下,生物炭添加显著增加了小白菜的产量及氮素累积量,有效降低了土壤速效氮含量,并提高了土壤速效氮中NO3--N含量比例,缓解了土壤酸化趋势,降低了小白菜中硝酸盐含量,增加了氨基酸含量,提高了氮肥利用率;在停止施用化肥后,生物炭添加处理仍能保持较高的土壤速效氮含量,提高土壤固持氮素的有效性,促进植株对氮素的吸收利用,从而使产量维持在施氮条件下的高水平。研究表明生物炭添加对土壤氮素具有"削峰填谷"的调节功能,能够有效促进氮素的吸收转化,从而有利于维持高产。 相似文献
8.
不同生物质炭输入水平下旱作农田温室气体排放研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在陇中黄土高原干旱半干旱区,采用小区定位试验,对不同生物质炭输入水平下春小麦农田土壤温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)的排放通量进行全生育期连续观测,并分析其影响因子。结果表明:6个生物质炭输入水平处理下[0 t·hm~(-2)(CK)、10 t·hm~(-2)、20 t·hm~(-2)、30 t·hm~(-2)、40 t·hm~(-2)、50 t·hm~(-2)],旱作农田土壤在春小麦全生育期内均表现为CH_4弱源、N_2O源和CO_2源。全生育期各处理CH_4平均排放通量依次为:0.005 7 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.0047 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.003 6 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.003 3 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.002 7 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.000 4 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),N_2O平均排放通量依次为:0.230 5 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.144 1 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.135 3 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.098 9 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.125 0 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.151 3mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),CO_2平均排放通量依次为:0.449 2μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、0.447 0μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、0.430 3μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、0.391 4μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、0.408 0μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和0.416 4μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。土壤CH_4排放通量随生物质炭输入量的增加而减小;当生物质炭输入量小于30 t·hm~(-2)时,土壤N_2O、CO_2排放通量随其输入量增加而显著减小,但当其输入量超过30 t·hm~(-2)时,N_2O、CO_2排放通量则呈显著增大趋势。各处理在5~15 cm土层平均土壤温度差异显著(P0.05),在5~10 cm土层平均土壤含水量差异显著(P0.05),土壤温度及含水量受生物质炭影响明显;且CK处理不同土层的土壤温度及含水量波动最大,生物质炭输入可在一定程度上降低不同土层土壤的水热变化幅度;N_2O、CO_2排放通量与10~15 cm土层土壤温度呈显著性负相关,与20~25 cm土壤温度呈显著性正相关;CH_4平均排放通量与5~10 cm土层土壤温度呈显著性负相关,与其含水量呈显著性正相关;N_2O平均排放通量与15~20 cm土层土壤温度呈显著性正相关;CH_4、N_2O、CO_2平均排放通量与0~5 cm土层土壤水分呈显著性负相关。生物质炭的输入能够减小温室气体的排放,且会因其输入量的不同而异,因此适量应用生物质炭有利于旱作农田生育期内增汇减排。 相似文献
9.
生物炭和无机肥对盐碱滩涂围垦农田土壤性状的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在重度盐碱滩涂围垦的土地上,添加不同量的生物炭(0、3、6、9 hm~(-2)),在玉米不同生育期施加无机肥,对照CK不施肥,研究土壤在不进行作物种植下的性状变化。结果表明:自然条件下重度盐碱土地土壤物理性状变差,施用无机肥加剧了土壤的退化程度;在未种植作物条件下,生物炭添加没有对降低土壤容重起到促进作用,同时也没有提高土壤饱和含水量及田间持水量;团聚体组成分析显示生物炭用量在3 t hm~(-2)时土壤中2 mm团聚体增加最多;雨季时雨水淋洗显著降低土壤0~20 cm土层盐分,生物炭用量越大土壤盐分淋洗效果越明显;八月份和九月份时随着雨季结束,地下水位升高、太阳辐射增强加速了盐分在表层土壤的积聚,生物炭添加能有效抑制盐分在表层的积累,但无机肥添加又阻碍了这种抑制作用。 相似文献
10.
生物质炭对贵州黄壤朝天椒减氮的生物效应及氮肥利用率的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为探究生物质炭对贵州黄壤朝天椒减氮的施用效果,采用大田试验,研究了生物质炭与氮肥减量配施(CF_(100)B_0(化肥氮100%)、CF_(90)B_(10)(化肥氮90%+生物质炭氮10%)、CF_(85)B_(15)(化肥氮85%+生物质炭氮15%)、CF_(80)B_(20)(化肥氮80%+生物质炭氮20%))对贵州黄壤朝天椒产量、品质、养分积累和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥(CF_(100)B_0)处理相比,CF_(90)B_(10)处理可提高朝天椒产量,其中鲜椒增产7.3%、干椒增产2.5%,但是增产效果并不显著,而CF_(85)B_(15)和CF_(80)B_(20)处理的产量略有降低;生物质炭与氮肥减量配施处理可显著影响朝天椒果实中的硝酸盐和Vc含量,其中,CF_(90)B_(10)、CF_(85)B_(15)和CF_(80)B_(20)处理的硝酸盐含量降低了4.8%～8.9%,而CF_(90)B_(10)处理的Vc含量则较CF_(100)B_0处理提高了9.6%,但还原糖和游离氨基酸含量在各处理间无差异;此外,与CF_(100)B_0处理相比,生物质炭与氮肥减量配施可使氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)提高2.08～2.62 kg·kg~(-1),以CF_(90)B_(10)处理最高,而氮肥农学效率(AE_N)和氮肥表观利用率(RE_N)则随着生物质炭替代化学氮肥比例的增加呈降低趋势,以CF_(90)B_(10)处理的AE_N和RE_N最高,分别为7.70 kg·kg~(-1)和40.3%。综上,生物质炭与氮肥减量配施可有效保证贵州朝天椒稳产增效,因此,短期条件下推荐生物质炭替代化学氮肥10%作为贵州黄壤朝天椒氮肥减施替代的最适比例。 相似文献