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Camilo Bulla Jennifer S. Thomas 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2009,38(3):403-405
Abstract: A 10‐month‐old spayed female Doberman Pinscher was presented for lameness. On physical examination, the dog was lethargic and febrile and had a 2‐cm raised subcutaneous mass at the base of the left ear. Fluid from the mass was drained. Direct smears of the fluid, stained with modified Wright's and new methylene blue, were highly cellular and contained large numbers of degenerate neutrophils with moderate numbers of macrophages. Large numbers of round yeast organisms, 8–20 μm in diameter, were observed extracellularly. The organisms had a thick blue wall and granular internal contents and broad‐based budding was seen frequently. Branching hyphae or pseudohyphae, with parallel sides and 2–4 μm in diameter, appeared to extend from the surface of the yeast. The morphology of the yeast organisms was consistent with Blastomyces dermatitidis, with atypical hyphae formation. Culture results were not definitive because it was not possible to induce transition from the mycelial to the yeast form at 37°C and because the morphology of the mycelial form of B. dermatitidis could not be differentiated from that of Emmonsia parvae. The organism was confirmed as Ajellomyces dermatitidis (the mycelial form of B. dermatitidis) using 18S ribosome RNA gene sequencing and comparison with an available databank. The mycelial form of B. dermatitidis is rarely found in the tissue of dogs, and may have been induced in this case by low environmental temperatures and the time delay between sample collection and slide preparation. 相似文献
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R. E. Roberts 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1979,20(3-6):124-134
Blastomycosis, a common disease entity of dogs in the southeastern United States, may be encountered elsewhere. Blastomyces dermatitidis, the cause of this disease, is a soil-borne fungal organism. B. dermatitidis is introduced into the host by inhalation of infective spores. This results in a primary lung infection. Dissemination of the organism occurs by lymphohematogenous means and may involve any body tissue. Other tissues frequently involved are the skin, male genitals, lymph nodes, eyes, and bone. Osteomyelitis was diagnosed in nine dogs with disseminated blastomycosis. Six of nine dogs had solitary bone lesions. All nine dogs had a clinical lameness. Only two dogs had clinical signs of respiratory disease. A total of 25 bone lesions were observed in these dogs, with 19 lesions located in the tubular bones of the extremities. Typically, osteolytic lesions appeared at the ends of long bones; only two lesions were observed proximal to the stifle. No extremity lesions were seen proximal to the elbow. Approximately half of the bone lesions had an associated periosteal response or soft tissue enlargement, while no sinus or fistulous tracts were observed. Blastomycosis was confirmed in all dogs by a positive reaction to the gel immunodiffusion test and/or identification of the B. dermatitidis organism. 0rganisms were retrieved and identified from a variety of tissues, including three bone biopsy specimens and one joint aspirate. In seven of nine dogs, initial diagnosis was by identification of the organism. The radiographic differential diagnoses included primary bone neoplasia, soft tissue neoplasia with secondary bone involvement, fungal osteomyelitis, and bacterial osteomyelitis. These differential diagnoses were based on the distribution, localization, and aggressiveness of the lesions observed. The 32 percent incidence of blastomycosis-associated osteomyelitis reported here is significantly higher than reported previously. 相似文献
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Mazepa AS Trepanier LA Foy DS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2011,25(3):440-445
Background: Itraconazole is recommended for treatment of blastomycosis in dogs. Some evidence suggests that fluconazole might be less hepatotoxic than itraconazole. Objectives: To compare (1) incidence of clinical remission and death; (2) treatment duration; (3) total drug cost; (4) incidence of relapse; and (5) incidence of increased ALT activities in dogs with blastomycosis treated with fluconazole or itraconazole. Animals: One hundred and forty‐four dogs with systemic blastomycosis treated with itraconazole or fluconazole from 1998 to 2008. Methods: Retrospective case review. Information obtained included signalment, body weight, clinical signs, drug regimen, treatment duration, time to clinical remission, and laboratory results. Results: Neither treatment efficacy between fluconazole (75% remission) and itraconazole (90% remission) nor relapse rate (18% for itraconazole, 22% for fluconazole) was significantly different (P= .13, .75, respectively). Treatment duration was significantly longer for fluconazole (median 183 days) than for itraconazole (138 days; P= .001). Costs for fluconazole (median $1,223) were significantly less than for itraconazole ($3,717; P < .001). Incidence of increased ALT activities was not significantly different between groups (17% [3/18] for fluconazole, 26% [6/23] for itraconazole; P= .71). Conclusions: Fluconazole is associated with survival to clinical remission in 75% of dogs with blastomycosis. Although dogs receiving fluconazole were treated longer, drug costs were one‐third those of itraconazole. Hepatotoxicosis, as estimated by increases in serum ALT activity, can be observed with similar incidence for both drugs. 相似文献
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R. Timothy Bentley Michael J. Reese Hock Gan Heng Tsang Long Lin Nozomi Shimonohara Amy Fauber 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2013,54(5):489-496
Rapid detection of central nervous system (CNS) involvement is important for dogs with blastomycosis, as this can affect antifungal drug selection and has been associated with an increased risk of death. Previous reports describing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of canine CNS blastomycosis primarily identified mass lesions. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether other MRI characteristics of CNS blastomycosis may also occur. Medical records of the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were searched and four dogs met inclusion criteria. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics included periventricular edema, periventricular and meningeal contrast enhancement, and ventriculomegaly. Periventricular lesions most commonly involved the rostral horn of the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle. Increased meningeal contrast enhancement involved the cerebrum, thalamus, sella turcica, and brainstem. Findings indicated that, in addition to mass lesions, MRI characteristics of periventricular hyperintensity, contrast enhancement, and ventriculomegaly may also occur in dogs with CNS blastomycosis. 相似文献
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D.I. Mawby J.C. Whittemore S. Genger M.G. Papich 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(1):72-77
Background
Itraconazole is commonly used to treat systemic fungal infections in dogs, but problems exist with absorption and cost.Objective
To determine oral bioequivalence of generic and compounded itraconazole compared to original innovator (brand name) itraconazole in healthy dogs.Animals
Nine healthy, adult research Beagle dogs.Methods
A randomized, 3‐way, 3‐period, crossover design with an 8‐day washout period. After a 12‐hour fast, each dog received 100 mg (average: 10.5 mg/kg) of either innovator itraconazole, an approved human generic capsule, or compounded itraconazole (compounded using a commercially available compounding vehicle) with a small meal. Plasma was collected at predetermined intervals for high pressure liquid chromatography analysis. Concentration data were analyzed using noncompartmental pharmacokinetics to determine area under the curve (AUC), peak concentration (CMAX), and terminal half‐life. Bioequivalence tests compared generic and compounded itraconazole to the reference formulation.Results
Average ratios of compounded and generic formulations to the reference formulation of itraconazole for AUC were 5.52% and 104.2%, respectively, and for CMAX were 4.14% and 86.34%, respectively. A test of bioequivalence using 2 one‐sided tests and 90% confidence intervals did not meet bioequivalence criteria for either formulation.Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Neither generic nor compounded itraconazole is bioequivalent to the reference formulation in dogs. However, pharmacokinetic data for generic formulation were similar enough that therapeutic concentrations could be achieved. Compounded itraconazole produced such low plasma concentrations, it is unlikely to be effective; therefore, compounded itraconazole should not be used in dogs. 相似文献
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