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1.
Equine babesiosis, a tick transmitted haemoprotozoan disease caused by Theileria equi is globally distributed and responsible for heavy economic losses to the equine husbandry. Equids reared in endemic areas usually pick up infection at an early age and become immune tolerant throughout their life span. We studied the level of passively transferred antibodies in neonate foals born from pre-immuned mares. Latently T. equi infected pre-immuned pony and donkey mares (three each) were selected and T. equi antibody titres in neonates was monitored till 90 days post foaling (DPF) by applying Dot-ELISA on sequentially collected serum samples from foals and their dams. A very high antibody titre was observed in pre-immuned pony and donkey mares. The maximum antibody of 1:60 to 1:80 was observed in pony's and donkey's foal on 2–16 and 2–10 DPF, respectively and thereafter it declined to less than 1:20 on 63–77 and 56–63 DPF. Simultaneously parasite carrying status in neonate foals and their dam was also monitored by applying PCR on blood samples. We could demonstrate PCR amplification in dam's blood samples while no amplification was recorded in neonate's blood samples. This study indicated that new-born foals were born naïve and passively transferred immunity was transitory which wanes after 63–77 DPF.  相似文献   
2.
Traditions and the economic advantage when producing big athletic Thoroughbred (TB) yearlings for sale encourage owners to feed high levels of cereals. Such diets can predispose gastric ulceration and developmental orthopedic diseases, impacting negatively on future careers. This study aimed to (1) determine if an all-fiber creep feed (total mixed fiber ration [TMFR] would sustain equal growth rates in TB foals versus a cereal-based stud cube (SC) and (2) compare pH and lactate produced by SC and TMFR in in vitro foregut and hindgut conditions. Eight TB foals in matched-pairs were fed SC or TMFR for 18 weeks. Weight gain (average daily gain [ADG]), height at wither and hip, heart girth, and body length were recorded weekly. Similar growth rates were recorded for all measurements. The ADG of TMFR and SC were 1 and 1.1 kg per head per day, respectively. In vitro foregut incubation of SC and TMFR at 37°C in pepsin HCl solution for 6 hours produced higher pH 5.84 (TMFR) compared with 5.33 (SC) (P < .05). Gas production measured fermentation rate, acidity, and lactate from TMFR and SC, incubated with fecal inoculum from the foals on the same diet. Fermentation rates and lag times were equal for both feeds; total gas produced at t50 and y50 were greater (P < .05) for SC. Lactate and pH levels were lower and higher, respectively, for the TMFR. This study showed that similar growth in TB foals was achieved on the TMFR feed and that potentially better gut health, denoted by higher pH and lower lactate levels, could be maintained by fiber compared with cereal feed.  相似文献   
3.
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that occurs in both human newborns and foals. The condition is the subject of extensive current research in human infants, but there have been no direct studies of HIE in foals, and hence, knowledge of the condition has been extrapolated from studies in humans and other animal models. The purpose of this review article is to highlight the most up-to-date and relevant research in the human field, and discuss how this potentially might have an impact in the management of foals with HIE.  相似文献   
4.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of once-daily amikacin in healthy neonates, to determine amikacin concentrations in hospitalized foals, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amikacin against gram-negative isolates from blood cultures in septic foals. Median half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution of amikacin in healthy 2- to 3-day-old foals after administration of an intravenous bolus of amikacin (25 mg/kg) were 5.07 hours (4.86-5.45 hours), 1.82 mL/min/kg (1.35-1.97 mL/min/kg), and 0.785 L/kg (0.638-0.862 L/kg), respectively. Statistically significant (P <.05) decreases in area under the curve (14% decrease), mean residence time (19% decrease), and C24h plasma amikacin concentrations (29% decrease) occurred between days 2-3 and 10-11. Plasma amikacin concentrations in healthy foals at 0.5 hours (C0.5h) were significantly higher (P = .02) than those of hospitalized foals. Sepsis, prematurity, and hypoxemia did not alter amikacin concentrations. The MIC at which 90% of all gram-negative isolates from equine neonatal blood cultures were inhibited by amikacin was 4 microg/mL, suggesting that amikacin C0.5h of 40 microg/mL should be targeted to achieve a maximum serum concentration to MIC ratio of 10:1. The proportion of foals with C0.5h 40 microg/mL was significantly higher (P < .0001) in hospitalized foals receiving a dose of amikacin at 25 mg/kg (22/24 or 92%) than in foals receiving a dose at 21 mg/kg (9/25 or 36%), whereas no difference was found in the proportion of foals with C24h concentrations > or = 3 microg/mL between the 2 groups. An initial dose at 25 mg/kg is recommended for once-daily amikacin in equine neonates.  相似文献   
5.
Limited research has characterized blood chemistry in healthy stock-type foals. Our objectives were to determine foal serum chemistry and hematology changes during the first 72 hours postnatal and compare these with adult horse reference ranges. Over 3 foaling seasons, serum chemistry and hematology were determined for 16 healthy stock-type foals born to similarly managed mares. Blood was collected at 0 hours (before nursing but after standing, within 85 minutes of birth) and 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after initial sampling. Data were analyzed with sampling hour, year, and their interaction as fixed effects. Serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations increased (P < .001) from 0 to 24 hours. Triglycerides increased (P < .001) and glucose decreased (P = .01) between 24 to 48 hours. Serum nonesterified fatty acids increased (P = .04) from 0 to 6 hours and decreased (P ≤ .01) from 6 to 24 hours. Serum urea nitrogen increased (P < .001) between 0 and 6 hours and decreased (P < .001) from 12 to 72 hours. Serum total protein and globulin concentrations increased (P < .001) from 0 to 12 hours, albumin decreased (P ≤ .01) from 0 to 24, and creatinine decreased (P ≤ .02) from 0 to 72 hours. Hour also affected (P ≤ .03) electrolytes, metabolic enzymes, and all hematological components except for mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P = .77). These data demonstrate dynamic blood biochemical and hematological changes throughout the first 72 hours in foals, suggesting that sampling time should be considered when evaluating individual neonates.  相似文献   
6.
Iodine, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are required for normal fetal growth, maturation, and neonatal survival. There is a lack of robust information on iodine levels found in colostrum, milk, and serum of mares and foals after a healthy pregnancy. Our objective was to characterize colostrum, milk, and serum iodine levels in healthy postpartum mares and foals (n = 10) and explore relationships with thyroid hormone concentrations. Colostrum, milk, and jugular blood samples from draft breed mares and foals with an estimated average iodine daily intake of 39 mg per mare during pregnancy were obtained at Day 0 (foaling date) and/or 10 days later. Parameters studied were (1) mare basal concentrations of serum: TT3, TT4, and iodine; (2) iodine in colostrum at Day 0 and milk iodine (Day 10); and (3) foal basal: TT3, TT4, and serum iodine (Days 0 and 10). Median ± median error colostrum iodine levels (165 ± 15.1 μg/L) were higher than milk (48 ± 5.6 μg/L; P = .007) levels. Median ± median error foal serum iodine (268.5 ± 7.6 μg/L), TT4 (1,225 ± 47.8 nmol/L), and TT3 (14.2 ± 1.1 nmol/L) at foaling date were higher than at 10 days (serum iodine: 70 ± 3.6 μg/L; TT4: 69.6. ± 20.4 nmol/L; and TT3: 5.4 ± 0.3 nmol/L). In conclusion, equine mammary tissue concentrates iodine beyond plasma levels, making colostrum and milk a significant source of iodine. Foal serum iodine levels are high in the neonatal period and are positively correlated with TT4, which is important for neonatal adaptation.  相似文献   
7.
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element, and its deficiency causes defects in the response of the immune system, affecting the synthesis and secretion of γ-globulins. In this study, we evaluated serum Zn levels in race foals of different age categories to establish the relationship between subnormal values of Zn and decreased levels of γ-globulins. Decreased γ-globulin levels were accompanied by total protein and albumin serum levels that were within the normal range for the species. Serum Zn was measured in 304 foals (aged between 8 and 24 months), which were classified into three categories (weaning, yearling, and 2 years). The albumin/globulin ratio was 1.28 ± 0.2964 in the normal Zn group and 2.185 ± 0.818 (P < .001) in the low Zn group. Hypogammaglobulinemia was found to be more frequent in the yearling and in the 2-year-old category animals (P < .001 low Zn vs. normal Zn).  相似文献   
8.
A relative immunodeficiency of young foals is considered to account for the increased susceptibility of foals to infectious diseases, including pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi. In this report, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy foals at 14 and 56 days of age, or from their dams, were incubated with three stimulatory and one nonstimulatory (control) synthetic cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs), and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL) -6, IL-8, IL12-p35, and IL-12p40 were determined. Results indicated that synthetic CpG-ODNs can induce strong, rapid cytokine responses in healthy foals and adult horses. B-class CpG-ODNs 2135 and 2142 induced greater messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-12p40 than the C-class CpG-ODN 2395 in foal PBMCs. In foals, B-class CpG-ODNs induced IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-12P40 mRNA expression that was similar to or higher in magnitude than that observed in adult horses. These observations indicate that CpG-ODNs might be useful as immunomodulators or as potential adjuvants for vaccines to aid in preventing R. equi pneumonia and other bacterial diseases of foals.  相似文献   
9.
Abstract

AIM: To assess the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal specimens from foals, and investigate an outbreak of neonatal cryptosporidiosis in foals revealed in the course of the study.

METHODS: Faecal specimens from foals received by a diagnostic veterinary laboratory in New Zealand between 2006 and 2007 were submitted to Massey University and tested microscopically for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The Cryptosporidium isolates in the oocyst-positive specimens were genetically identified to species level. In addition, specimen submission data from the participating laboratory for 2005–2007 were examined. In the course of the study, the identification of one Cryptosporidium-positive specimen triggered an on-farm investigation.

RESULTS: Twelve faecal specimens submitted by the participating laboratory between 2006 and 2007 were tested further, and three were positive for C. parvum. Specimen submission records indicated a total of 67 faecal specimens were tested for Cryptosporidium by the participating laboratory between 2005 and 2007; 12 (18%) were positive. The on-farm investigation on a broodmare farm revealed a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea in foals; C. parvum was the only enteropathogen found in the faeces of 4/4 affected foals examined. The diarrhoea in all those foals was self-limiting, manifesting during the second week of life, resembling foal heat diarrhoea, and accompanied by a short but intense period of shedding oocysts.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The fact that Cryptosporidium parasites were identified in 18% of faecal specimens from foals analysed for this agent in 2005–2007 by the participating laboratory indicated that infection with this agent in foals is not uncommon.

Collectively, the results of this and previous studies performed in New Zealand indicate C. parvum is a cause of diarrhoea in newborn foals, potentially accounting for a proportion of cases empirically diagnosed as foal heat diarrhoea. It is therefore advisable to take precautions when handling diarrhoeic foals, until this potentially zoonotic agent is ruled out in the laboratory.  相似文献   
10.
Little is known about the normal or pathologic yeast flora in healthy and critically ill neonatal foals. The aims of this study were to evaluate the yeast flora colonizing the mucous membranes of the digestive tract (oropharynx and rectum mucous membranes) of healthy and hospitalized foals and to find out risk factors involved in yeast colonization of foals referred to a neonatal intensive care unit. A total of 240 swabs were collected from 21 healthy (group A) and 39 sick (group B) foals. In 14 of the 60 foals, yeast was isolated in at least one sample (23.3%): 3 of the 21 foals (14.3%) were positive in group A and 11 of 39 foals (28.2%) were positive in group B. The yeasts were isolated from rectal swabs obtained from none in healthy foals, whereas 5 of the 39 sick foals were positive; however, this difference was not statistically significant. No significant difference was also detected regarding oropharyngeal swabs between healthy (3/21) and sick (10/39) foals. The risk factors significantly associated with the isolation of yeasts from rectal swabs were female sex, treatment with oral antibiotics, and stressful diagnostic–therapeutic procedures. The only risk factor significantly associated with the isolation of yeast from oropharyngeal swabs was the treatment with antacids and gastroprotectants. The results show that fungi present in the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal foals were mainly environmental yeasts and suggested the absence of a stable fungal colonization. Candida was the genus frequently isolated in hospitalized foals, just as it is isolated in critically ill human neonates.  相似文献   
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