不同基因型玉米品种产量、抗旱性及水分利用效率差异研究     

刘化涛  黄学芳  黄明镜  张冬梅  张伟  赵聪 《中国农学通报》2020,36(33):12-18

为了充分挖掘和提高作物抗旱性及水分利用效率,通过选用新品种是最有效且易行的技术措施,以期解决品种应用盲目和抗旱应对被动的问题。本研究在山西晋中盆地大田条件下,以生产上推广应用的11个不同基因型玉米新品种为试材,于拔节期设置3种不同水分处理,分析了其产量、抗旱性及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明：不同水分条件下,各品种产量、抗旱性排序不同,其中‘大丰30’、‘迪卡M753’的丰产性、稳产性和抗旱性综合表现最好,正常供水下,其产量分别可达13634 kg/hm²和14478 kg/hm²,抗旱指数分别达0.999和1.029;同时在分析水分利用效率和水分生产效率后,得出在拔节期补充灌溉45 mm时,既可获得较高的水分利用效率,同时灌溉水分生产效率也最高,分别为29.77 kg/(mm·hm²)和30.92 kg/(mm·hm²)。因此,‘大丰30’和‘迪卡M753’可作为主干型品种在该区域进一步验证和应用,且在该区域运用非充分灌溉,对保护水资源和发展有机旱作农业具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Associations between bacterial genotype and outcome of bovine clinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis     

?sa Lundberg  Anna Aspán  Ann Nyman  Helle Ericsson Unnerstad  Karin Persson Waller 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1):2

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cows worldwide. The cure rate after antimicrobial treatment of clinical S. aureus mastitis is very variable due to both cow and bacterial factors. Studies have shown that bacterial genotype might affect short-term bacteriological and clinical cure, but the long-term outcome has been less studied. The objectives of this study were to investigate associations between bacterial genotype and long-term outcome of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis (VTCM) caused by S. aureus during a follow-up period of 120 days and to study genotype variation among Swedish S. aureus isolates. S. aureus isolates from cases of VTCM were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Long-term outcome measurements used were somatic cell count (SCC), additional diagnoses of VTCM, milk yield and culling. Isolates were classified into clusters (>80% similarity) and pulsotypes (100% similarity). Clusters and pulsotypes were grouped according to occurrence. Multivariable mixed-effect linear regression models including cow and bacterial factors with possible influence on SCC or milk yield were used to calculate differences in SCC or milk yield between groups. Additional outcome measures were calculated using a test of proportions.

Results

The isolates (n = 185) were divided into 18 clusters and 29 pulsotypes. Two pulsotypes were classified as common, and were found in 64% of the cases of VTCM. Remaining isolates were classified as less common or rare pulsotypes. The distribution was similar at cluster level. Outcome was calculated from follow-up data on 111 cows. Significantly lower SCC during the follow-up period was found in cows infected with common clusters compared to in cows infected with less common/rare clusters. The proportion of cows with SCC <200 000 cells/ml during the whole follow-up period was significantly higher in the group common clusters than in the group less common/rare clusters. Bacterial genotype did not influence the other outcome parameters.

Conclusions

In Sweden, two S. aureus pulsotypes, identified in about 64% of clinical S. aureus cases, were widespread. Cows infected with the common genotypes had significantly lower SCC during 120 days after treatment compared to cows infected with less common or rare genotypes.  相似文献   

春小麦籽粒灌浆过程淀粉和蛋白质积累规律的初步研究   总被引：37，自引：2，他引：37  

刘晓冰  李文雄 《作物学报》1996,22(6):736-740

利用蛋白质含量和产量各异的３个春小麦品种，Ｒｏｂｌｉｎ、东农７７４２和新克旱９号，研究了灌浆过程中可溶性性糖、淀粉和蛋白质积累规律，结果表明：籽粒灌浆过程中可溶性糖含量由开花１４天开始逐渐减少，成熟期达最低值，品种间的差异仅表现以１４天和２０天两个时期：淀粉积累动态与可溶性糖变化规律相反，随灌浆成熟而逐渐增加，品种间差异达显著水平；蛋白质积累动态年际间稍有差异，总的趋势是随灌浆成熟而逐渐增加，开花  相似文献   

Nitrogen efficiency components of winter cereals     

I. Paponov  W. Aufhammer  H. -P. Kaul  F. -P. Ehmele 《European Journal of Agronomy》1996,5(1-2)

A model to describe the importance of different physiological processes to explain grain yield differences (ΔG_w) between cropping systems (Huggins and Pan, 1993) was modified to evaluate the nitrogen use efficiency of different cereals. The method uses measurements of grain yield (G_w), grain N (N_g), above-ground plant biomass (B), above-ground plant N (N_t), applied fertilizer N (N_f), and post-harvest inorganic soil N in control plots without fertilizer (N_h). The components are N supply (N_s), N uptake efficiency (N_t/N_s), assimilation efficiency (B/N_t), harvest index (G_w/B) and N harvest index (N_g/N_t). For a first verification of the model different winter cereal species, i.e., one genotype of winter wheat, one of winter rye and one of spelt wheat, were compared in a 2-year field experiments at two sites with different soil fertility and climate. The modified nitrogen efficiency component analysis provided a good understanding of yield differences at different levels of applied N and soil fertility. The method could be useful for selection of genotypes with a high N use efficiency in breeding programmes.  相似文献   

连续增氧对不同基因型水稻分蘖期生长和氮代谢酶活性的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

赵锋  张卫建  章秀福  王丹英  徐春梅 《作物学报》2012,38(2):344-351

为明确氧对不同基因型水稻生长和氮素代谢的作用机理,以籼稻、粳稻和旱稻品种为材料,采用营养液培养,考察根际连续增氧水稻分蘖期生长和氮代谢状况。结果表明,连续增氧后,各水稻品种叶绿素含量均有所下降,国稻1号(籼稻)地上部分和根系干物质重分别降低44%和40%,巴西陆稻(旱稻)和秀水09 (粳稻)降低不显著。国稻1号和巴西陆稻的氮积累量分别降低35.8%和36.0%。各基因型水稻叶片NRA (硝酸还原酶活性)显著提高,GSA (谷酰胺合成酶活性)下降。秀水09,叶片NRA增加较少(P>0.05)。连续增氧提高了水稻根比表面积和氧化强度;但降低了叶片叶绿素含量和GSA,不利于水稻氮素吸收和干物质积累。不同基因型水稻对连续增氧的响应存在差异。  相似文献   

Ovarian activity in F1 prepubertal ewe lambs under tropical conditions     

R.A. Alcaraz RomeroJ.A. Quintal Franco  D. Hernandez SánchezT. Sánchez Torres  E. Villagómez AmezcuaJ. Ramon Ugalde  J. Baeza RodríguezR. Bores Quintero  J.G. Cantón Castillo 《Livestock Science》2012,143(1):24-28

Seventy crossbred ewe lambs, born from Pelibuey (PB) dams mated with five sire breeds: White Dorper × PB (WD × PB), Black Head Dorper × PB (BHD × PB), Ile de France × PB (Ile × PB) Katahdin × PB (KT × PB) and Pelibuey (PB × PB), were used to determine age and weight to puberty, follicular populations during prepubertal development, ovulation rate at first ovulation and function of the first corpus luteum (FCL). Ewe lambs were maintained under grazing conditions and were supplemented with 300 g head^− 1 day^− 1 of a concentrate with 14% CP and 3.0 Mcal ME kg^− 1 of DM. From 145 days of age, monthly observations were performed by endoscopy to monitor follicular populations and luteal structures. Ovarian follicles were classified according to size into small (≥ 1 and < 3 mm), medium (≥ 3 and ≤ 4 mm) and large (> 4 mm). Additionally, weekly observations by ultrasonography were performed in four ewes per genotype to assess follicular populations. Luteal function from first ovulation was determined by circulating concentrations of progesterone. Ovulation rate was not affected by genotype (P > 0.05). All breed groups had the same pattern of follicular populations, where most of follicles were small, followed by medium and a small proportion of large follicles. Maximum diameter of follicles was similar for all genotypes during prepubertal development (P > 0.05), with an average range of 3.9 ± 0.20 to 4.4 ± 0.20 mm. The BHD × PB reached puberty at the youngest age of 240.9 ± 13.0 days, compared to all other genotypes (P < 0.05), 259.1 ± 11.7 for WD × PB, 279.3 ± 9.6 for KT × PB and 289.0 ± 15.3 days for PB × PB and 308.6 ± 11.9 days for Ile × PB ewe lambs. Ile × PB had greater weight to first ovulation (31.5 ± 1.19 kg) as compared to other breed groups (P < 0.01). The largest percentage of FCL was for KT × PB ewes (100%) (P < 0.05), followed by BHD × PB (88.9%), PB × PB (83.3), WD × PB (78.6%) and Ile × PB (77.8%). There were no differences in ovulation rate attributable to type of lambing from which ewe lambs came from (P > 0.05). BHD × PB ewe lambs reached puberty at an earlier age than other in this study. KT × PB ewe lambs had the highest percentage of FCL in their first ovulation. Breed of sire Ile de France increased weight to puberty and decreased FCL at first ovulation. In conclusion, the BHD × PB ewe showed puberty at an earlier age than other genotypes, while the KT × PB had the highest percentage of functional corpus luteum in their first ovulation. Ewe lambs coming from single lambings reach puberty at a heavier weight than those coming from multiple lambings. The ovulation rate in the first ovulation of ewe lambs is not affected by genotype and type of lambing.  相似文献   

Prototheca zopfii genotype 2: the causative agent of bovine protothecal mastitis?     

Möller A  Truyen U  Roesler U 《Veterinary microbiology》2007,120(3-4):370-374

In order to clarify the epidemiology of bovine protothecal mastitis, 30 Prototheca zopfii mastitis isolates were genetically investigated. Based on the 18S rDNA, which allows a differentiation of the former species P. zopfii in two distinct P. zopfii genotypes and Prototheca blaschkeae sp. nov., newly developed genotype-specific PCR-assays as well as RFLP-assays were applied.

All mastitis isolates investigated could be assigned to P. zopfii genotype 2 suggesting that this genotype is the aetiological agent of bovine Prototheca mastitis.  相似文献   

耐低钾冬小麦基因型筛选方法的研究   总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19  

杨振明  李秋梅  王波  鲍士旦  史瑞和 《土壤学报》1998,35(3):376-383

通过液培实验及低钾土壤上的田间实验,比较,讨论了耐低钾冬小麦基因型的筛选指标,时期及钾浓度,结果表明：液培筛选的评价指标,吸钾量优于钾利用指数,筛选的适宜时期为拔节期,钾浓度以１．０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＫ＾＋为宜,低钾土壤７种基因型的经济产量与植株地上部吸钾量间存在极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９４５,ｎ＝２１）。冬小麦吸收的钾主要来自于１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ热ＮＨＯ３不能提取的非交换性钾,吸钾量亦可作主田间筛选的评价指标  相似文献   

寄主植物对不同基因型麦长管蚜解毒酶活性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李时荣  葛朝虹  刘德广  崔晓宁  黄贤亮  王达 《西北农业学报》2018,27(2):283-293

为阐明麦长管蚜[Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)]取食不同寄主植物时体内解毒酶活性的变化,并探索寄主适应性的生理生化基础,以8种基因型麦长管蚜为研究对象,测定其1代或连续3代取食小麦、大麦、燕麦和黑麦草后,体内3种解毒酶[乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)]的活性。结果表明,麦长管蚜在4种麦类植物上饲养1代后,大麦对AChE和GST的诱导效果最显著,燕麦对CarE的诱导效果最显著。4种植物相比,大麦对麦长管蚜基因型1、2、3和8的AChE,基因型2、4、5、6和8的CarE,以及基因型1、3、5和6的GST的诱导效果较为显著。比较各寄主植物上第1代和第3代蚜虫的酶活性,发现4种寄主均对第1代蚜虫的CarE活性具有明显诱导效果;大麦对第1代蚜虫GST活性的诱导效果显著,但小麦、燕麦和黑麦草均对第3代蚜虫GST的诱导效果显著。因此,不同寄主植物对麦长管蚜体内3种解毒酶的诱导作用存在显著差异,且这种诱导作用与蚜虫的遗传背景、繁衍世代数及二者的交互作用均密切相关。  相似文献   

Evaluation of Awassi genotypes for improved milk production in Syria     

L. Iiguez  M. Hilali 《Livestock Science》2009,120(3):232

A performance evaluation, conducted between 2003 and 2005, compared the milk production of three genotypes of Awassi ewes: Turkish (T), Syrian (S) and the F1-cross between the Turkish and Syrian ewes (TS), at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) experimental farm in Tel Hadya (northern Syria). After weaning, which occurred at 56days, milk yield and milking length were measured weekly during the milking period (n = 381). Milk yield of TS and T ewes were 12% and 30% higher, respectively, than S ewes. Milk yield and milking length of TS ewes reflected additive inheritance and did not differ from the parental genotypes' average (p ≥ 0.199). Culling of low producing ewes in 2003 and 2004 also resulted in increased milk yield. Dams of all genotypes displayed similar weights at birth (p = 0.898) and weaning (p ≥ 0.677). The latter suggests dams of the different genotypes olerated equally the pre-weaning lactation load. Performance tended to improve as ewes aged, with milk yield and milking length peaking at 3years of age (p > 0.05). Ewe lambing weight, birth–weaning ewe weight decline, litter size, and litter weight weaned peaked at 4–5years of age (p ≤ 0.016). With the exception of birth–weaning ewe weight decline, year effects influenced the traits under study (p ≤ 0.035). Excluding litter size, the best performance was in 2005, followed by 2003 and 2004. Milk yield increased with litter size at weaning (b = 18.7; p = 0.024). The lambing–weaning ewe weight decline (3.6kg) and ewe productivity (0.46kg litter weaned weight per kg ewe weight) did not differ between genotypes (p ≥ 0.178). Average litter size was 1.15, with the TS ewes displaying the largest litter size (1.23; p = 0.026). Single lambs were 25% heavier than twins at birth averaging 4.73kg and 3.8kg, respectively. Male lambs were 4% heavier than female lambs at birth (p < 0.0001) and 9.3% heavier at weaning (p < 0.0001). Lamb birth weights, weaning weights and daily weight gains were similar for all genotypes (p ≥ 0.210). The average proportion of fat (5.95%), crude protein (5.19%) and solids non-fat (11.29%) in the milk varied across genotypes where S < TS < T (p ≤ 0.0037). F1 crosses with T increased the productivity of S ewes by 12.2%. It is noteworthy that this occurred under improved feeding and may not be recommended for other conditions. Culling low producing ewes led to a 12.8% increase in milk yield, which could translate into a substantial boost in revenue for farmers rearing traditional sheep flocks in milk producing areas.  相似文献