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1.
Lúcia PEREIRA Ana VASQUES Paula MAIA Maria Joo RAMOS PEREIRA Carlos FONSECA Milena MATOS 《Integrative zoology》2019,14(3):280-292
The stone marten (Martes foina) is a carnivorous mammal that often consumes fleshy fruits, thus potentially promoting seed dispersion. The present study was developed in Bussaco National Forest, central Portugal, and aimed to assess the potential role of the stone marten in dispersing native and exotic plants in different forest landscape types. Seeds from stone marten scats and fleshy fruits were collected monthly and were thereafter identified and sowed in a nursery, following a randomized experimental setup. Plant emergence was monitored fortnightly. Generalized linear models were used to test for differences in time and success of emergence between seeds from scats and fruits of 3 native species (Rubus ulmifolius, Arbutus unedo and Celtis australis) and 1 exotic plant species with invasive behavior (Prunus laurocerasus). Fruit consumption by the stone martens significantly increased and accelerated the germination of the native R. ulmifolius but had no effect on the other 2 native species or on the invasive species. This suggested that stone martens contribute to gene flow and forest regeneration by dispersing native plant seeds. However, although the germination was not enhanced in the invasive species, the preference of stone martens for these fruits may potentially contribute to the proliferation of P. laurocerasus. Our study represents a contribution to better understanding the fauna and flora interactions, enabling for a more conscious and effective decision‐making in forest management. 相似文献
2.
Steven T. Peper Randall L. Peper Denise H. Mitcheltree George V. Kollias Robert P. Brooks Sadie S. Stevens 《The Veterinary quarterly》2016,36(4):197-202
Background: Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects families in the order Carnivora. As a preventive measure, vaccinations against CDV are frequently given to mustelids in captive environments.
Objectives: Our objectives were to compare the utility between two modified-live virus canine distemper vaccines (MLV CDV's), Fervac-D® (no longer manufactured) and Galaxy-D® (now manufactured by MSD Animal Health as part of a multivalent vaccine), in developing an immune response in wild-caught fishers.
Animals and methods: The Pennsylvania Fisher Reintroduction Project (PFRP) used 14 wild-caught fishers during one year of the project to evaluate the utility of vaccinations against CDV as part of any reintroduction project. Fishers were injected subcutaneously in the nape of the neck with their designated vaccine.
Results: Fervac-D® did not effectively stimulate development of a serologic antibody response, whereas Galaxy-D® had adequate seroconversion or rise of titer levels to suggest that the general use of MLV CDV may be suitable in fishers pending further studies.
Conclusion: We recommend that future studies be conducted, evaluating the use of currently produced vaccines in fishers. Future research should also focus on the length of days required between administration of primary and booster vaccines to achieve sufficient immune response.
Clinical importance: If only primary doses are required, then hard-release reintroduction projects for fishers could be recommended. If primary and booster vaccines are required then soft-release reintroduction projects should be recommended that include captive management periods, allowing for appropriate vaccination intervals needed to maximize the probability of protection against CDV. 相似文献
3.
Studies on the distribution of mammalian carnivores in fragmented landscapes have focused mainly on structural aspects such
as patch and landscape features; similarly, habitat connectivity is usually associated with landscape structure. The influence
of food resources on carnivore patch use and the important effect on habitat connectivity have been overlooked. The aim of
this study is to evaluate the relative importance of food resources on patch use patterns and to test if food availability
can overcome structural constraints on patch use. We carried out a patch-use survey of two carnivores: the beech marten (Martes foina) and the badger (Meles meles) in a sample of 39 woodland patches in a fragmented landscape in central Italy. We used the logistic model to investigate
the relative effects on carnivore distribution of patch, patch neighbourhood and landscape scale variables as well as the
relative abundance of food resources. Our results show how carnivore movements in fragmented landscapes are determined not
only by patch/landscape structure but also by the relative abundance of food resources. The important take-home message of
our research is that, within certain structural limits (e.g. within certain limits of patch isolation), by modifying the relative
amount of resources and their distribution, it is possible to increase suitability in smaller/relatively isolated patches.
Conversely, however, there are certain thresholds above which an increase in resources will not achieve high probability of
presence. Our findings have important and generalizable consequences for highly fragmented landscapes in areas where it may
not be possible to increase patch sizes and/or reduce isolation so, for instance, forest regimes that will increase resource
availability could be implemented.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
4.
The use
of resting sites of sables (Martes zibellina) was studied by radio-tracking techniques in
Daxing’an Mountains in 1994-1996. The results showed that the males used 191 different
resting sites, while females used 159 sites averagely in a year. The number of used
resting sites varied among seasons, and the reuse index calculated for each individual in
each season varied from 0.07 to 0.94. The reuse index was highest for males in
autumn-winter. In spring the number of resting sites of females was significantly less
than that of males. In summer, both sexes used more resting sites. In winter, the reuse
index was negative related to snow depth. The average distance between consecutively used
resting sites differed significantly between males (716 m, SD=479, n=1 081) and females
(455 m, SD=298, t=-8.59, P<0.001). For males the average distance was the shortest in
February-March and the longest in August-September, whereas the shortest distance was
recorded in April-May for females. In spring and autumn-winter, most individuals used
resting sites that randomly distribute in their home ranges. The standardized Morisita
coefficient of resting site dispersion in the home range varied from 0.06 to 0.50. In
summer, the standardized Morisita coefficient of resting site dispersion in the home range
varied from 0.38 to 0.51. Furthermore, in summer, 72% of all resting sites used by sables
were located near the edges of their home ranges. 相似文献
5.
俄罗斯是紫貂的主要分布区,野生紫貂资源量约为100~130万只,且人工饲养紫貂技术先进、圈养紫貂规模较大。据统计,近年来俄罗斯每年产30~40万张野生紫貂皮、10~20万张圈养紫貂皮。相对而言,中国紫貂资源状况堪忧,启动我国对紫貂保护和发展资源的措施已经刻不容缓。本文从俄罗斯与中国野生及圈养紫貂种群现状及利用的角度出发... 相似文献
6.
利用钢直尺、H6303i生物显微镜及配套的图片处理、测量软件系统(重光数码显微系统),测量紫貂(Martes zibellina)、松貂(Martes martes)和美洲貂(Martes americana)的背中部冬季直针毛长度、细度、近毛根细度、髓质细度、毛根无髓段长度及各类型鳞片比例等形态学指标;使用SPSS19.0对比分析测定数据。结果表明:紫貂、松貂和美洲貂的直针毛均呈典型纺锤型,髓质花纹类型均为网格型-B,鳞片类型、排列顺序、主要鳞片类型相近。松貂直针毛的长度、细度、髓质细度、毛根无髓段长度、扁平型鳞片比例显著高于紫貂(P0.05),而瓣状型鳞片比例明显低于紫貂,在其他性状方面二者差异不显著(P0.05);美洲貂的直针毛细度、扁平型鳞片比例显著低于松貂(P0.05),毛长度、髓质细度、近毛根细度、髓质指数等性状方面二者差异不显著(P0.05);紫貂和美洲貂只在直针毛的细度上表现出明显的差异(P0.05)。 相似文献
7.
2013—2015年冬季,在黑龙江省大兴安岭新林林区对紫貂(Martes zibellina)的生境选择进行了野外调查研究。通过大兴安岭紫貂冬季对海拔、坡度、坡向、距水源距离、距道路距离、距针叶林距离、距阔叶林距离、距混交林距离、距灌木距离、距沼泽距离、距居民点距离、隐蔽级、郁闭度、雪深、植被类型、优势乔木共16种生境因子的选择研究,发现新林林区冬季紫貂更偏爱海拔较高、距离水源较近、距离道路和居民点较远、距离混交林较近、郁闭度更高的生境。通过对生境因子进行逻辑斯蒂回归筛选,建立了紫貂生境选择的资源选择函数模型,该模型的选取变量也支持了海拔、距道路距离、距水源距离的差异。这表明该林区紫貂偏爱海拔较高的生境,活动在水源较近的区域,回避人为干扰,选择郁闭度较高的生境。 相似文献
8.
Protection of area-limited species is an important component of plans to conserve biodiversity, but the habitat needs of such species can be different and important habitats may not align with existing reserves. We used empirically derived landscape suitability models for the spotted owl and the fisher to evaluate the overlap in habitat suitability for these two old forest-associated predators in an area of northern California affected by the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP), a bioregional conservation plan. The area includes designated Wilderness areas and new reserves (Late-Successional Reserves, LSRs) established under the NWFP. We used the site selection algorithm MARXAN to identify priority habitat areas for each species, and for both combined, and to compare these areas with reserves. Sites were selected under two constraints, to achieve a threshold proportion of total habitat value and to select new areas equal to the total current area in existing reserves. The rank correlation between predicted value for the two species was low (0.11), because areas of highest predicted habitat value were more widely distributed for the owl. This difference also meant that the sites selected to optimize habitat value were more aggregated for fishers than owls, resulting in greater overlap of owl habitat and current reserves. To capture 25%, 50% and 75% of total habitat value for the owl required 14.0%, 29.2%, and 47.3% of the planning units, respectively; capturing the same for the fisher required only 5.3%, 13.5%, and 27.2%. A combined owl-fisher scenario resulted in areas that overlapped only ∼50% of existing reserves. The current location of LSRs may not be the best solution to maintaining well-connected habitats for these area-limited species in northwestern California. Whether LSRs are a better solution to protecting the diversity of other lesser-known taxa (i.e., salamanders and mollusks) is the subject of related work. 相似文献
9.
Prior to extensive European settlement, the fisher (Martes pennanti) occupied most coniferous forest habitats in Washington, Oregon, and California. Human activities since that time have resulted in the apparent extirpation of fishers throughout much of their historical range in the Pacific states. Fisher extirpations in California and Washington have been documented previously, but no comprehensive assessments of the distribution of fishers in Oregon, the history of their translocation into Oregon, or the conservation of fishers in the Pacific states have been conducted. Our objectives are to (1) review historical information on potential causes for fisher population losses in Oregon, (2) document the history of their translocation into Oregon, (3) describe the distribution of fishers in Oregon relative to those translocations and determine if any were successful, and (4) discuss the implications of our findings for the conservation of fishers in the Pacific states. Our results show that extant populations of fishers in Oregon are restricted to two disjunct and genetically isolated populations in the southwestern portion of the state: one in the southern Cascade Range and one in the northern Siskiyou Mountains. In addition, historical changes in the distribution of fisher occurrence records in Oregon and geographic variation in the genetic composition and size of fishers occurring in southwestern Oregon, show that the population in the southern Cascade Range is reintroduced and is descended from fishers that were translocated to Oregon from British Columbia and Minnesota. The loss of fisher populations from central and northern Oregon and throughout Washington has resulted in the isolation of extant populations in Oregon by >650 km from those occurring in southern British Columbia. Our results demonstrate that the historical continuity in fisher distribution that once provided for genetic interchange among fisher populations in the Pacific states no longer exists. 相似文献
10.
Wayne Spencer Heather Rustigian-Romsos James Strittholt Robert Scheller William Zielinski Richard Truex 《Biological conservation》2011,(2):788-803
An isolated population of the fisher (Martes pennanti) in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, is threatened by small size and habitat alteration from wildfires, fuels management, and other factors. We assessed the population’s status and conservation options for its habitat using a spatially explicit population model coupled with a fisher probability of occurrence model. The fisher occurrence model was selected from a family of generalized additive models (GAM) generated using numerous environmental variables and fisher detection–nondetection data collected at 228 survey arrays sampled repeatedly during 2002–2006. The selected GAM accounted for 69% of the Akaike weight using total above-ground biomass of trees, latitude-adjusted elevation, and annual precipitation averaged over a 5 km2 moving window. We estimated equilibrium population sizes (or carrying capacities) within currently occupied areas, and identified likely population source, sink, and expansion areas, by simulating population processes for 20 years using different demographic rates, dispersal distances, and territory sizes. The population model assumed that demographic parameters of fishers scale in proportion to habitat quality as indexed by the calculated probability of fisher occurrence. Based on the most defensible range of parameter values, we estimate fisher carrying capacity at ∼125–250 adults in currently occupied areas. Population expansion into potential habitat in and north of Yosemite National Park has potential to increase population size, but this potential for expansion is predicted to be highly sensitive to mortality rates, which may be elevated in the northern portion of the occupied range by human influences, including roadkill and diseases carried by domestic cats and dogs. 相似文献