Zinc biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.): Status and challenges     

Muhammad Amir Maqbool  AbduRahman Beshir 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(1):1-28

Zn deficiency is one of the leading health problems in children and women of developing countries. Different interventions could be used to overcome malnutrition, but biofortification is most impactful, convenient, sustainable and acceptable intervention. Maize is one of the major crops grown and consumed in the regions with prevalent Zn malnutrition; therefore, this is suitable target for Zn biofortification. Zn biofortification of maize could be achieved through agronomic and genetic approaches. Discussion of agronomic approaches with genetic approaches is prerequisite because soils in developing countries are deficit of Zn and availability of Zn in soils is mandatory for estimating the genetic responses of maize genotypes through genetic approaches. Seed priming, foliar and soil applications are agronomic tools for biofortification, but solo and combined applications of these treatments have different effects on Zn enrichment. Genetic approaches include the increase of Zn bioavailability or increase of kernel Zn concentration. Zn bioavailability could be increased by reducing the anti‐nutritional factors or by increasing the bioavailability enhancers. Kernel Zn concentration could be improved through hybridization and selections, whereas genetically engineered attempts for improving Zn uptake from soil, loading in xylem, remobilization in grains and sequestration in endosperm can further improve the kernel Zn concentration. Key challenges associated with dissemination of Zn biofortified maize are also under discussion in this draft. Current review emphasized all of above‐mentioned contents to provide roadmap for the development of Zn biofortified maize genotypes to curb the global Zn malnutrition.  相似文献   

The disposition of carbenicillin in blood,other body fluids and tissues of buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis)     

K. S. Brar  M. S. Bal 《Veterinary research communications》1993,17(2):119-122

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Biovailability of ivermectin administered orally to dogs     

C. P. Daurio  E. N. Cheung  A. R. Jeffcoat  B. J. Skelly 《Veterinary research communications》1992,16(2):125-130

The bioavailability of three formulations of ivermectin was determined following oral administration to dogs. The average peak plasma level (C _max) of ivermectin administered in the standard tablet formulation at 6 and 100 µg/kg of body weight was 2.97 and 44.31 ng/g, respectively. This suggest dose-dependent pharmacokinetics.C _max and total ivermectin bioavailability, as assessed from the area under the plasma curve (AUC), were similar between two tablet formulations of ivermectin administered at 100 µg/kg. Furthermore,C _max was similar following administration of radiolabelled ivermectin at 6 µg/kg in either a beef-based chewable formulation or in the standard tablet formulation.  相似文献   

植物提取物超微粉体制备技术研究进展     

李湘洲  张盛伟  顾胜华  王郝为 《经济林研究》2015,33(2)

植物提取物大都是脂溶性成分,因其水溶性差、生物利用度低,故其在临床上的推广应用受到了一定程度的限制。文章综述了有关能增强植物提取物水溶性的超临界流体技术、高压均质技术、液相可控沉淀技术、喷雾干燥技术、乳化溶剂扩散技术、机械研磨技术等超微粉体制备技术的研究进展。  相似文献   

Sulfadiazine pharmacokinetics in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) receiving oral and intravenous administrations     

Ning Xu  Yu Fu  Fang Chen  Yongtao Liu  Jing Dong  Yibin Yang  Shun Zhou  Qiuhong Yang  Xiaohui Ai 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2021,44(1):86-92

This study aimed to examine the bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) after oral and intravenous administrations. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points of 0.083, 0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr (n = 6). The samples were extracted and purified by organic reagents and determined by the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography. The software named 3P97 was used to calculate relevant PK parameters. The results demonstrated that the concentration–time profile of SDZ was best described by a one‐compartmental open model with first‐order absorption after a single oral dose. The main PK parameters of the absorption rate constant (K_α), the absorption half‐life (t_{1/2 Kα}), the elimination rate constant (K_e), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2Ke), and the area under concentration–time profile (AUC_0‐∞) were 0.3 1/h, 2.29 hr, 0.039 1/h, 17.64 hr, and 855.78 mg.h/L, respectively. Following intravenous administration, the concentration–time curve fitted to a two‐compartmental open model without absorption. The primary PK parameters of the distribution rate constant (α), the elimination rate constant (β), the distribution half‐life (t_1/2α), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2β), the apparent distribution volume (V_SS), the total clearance (CL), and AUC_0‐∞ were 9.62 1/hr, 0.039 1/hr, 0.072 hr, 17.71 hr, 0.33 L/kg, 0.013 L h^?1 kg^?1, and 386.23 mg.h/L, respectively. Finally, the BA was calculated to be 22.16%. Overall, this study will provide some fundamental information on PK properties in the development of a new formulation SDZ in the future and is partially beneficial for the appropriate usage of SDZ in aquaculture.  相似文献   

基于斜率比法评定断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率     

晏家友  罗宗刚  李书伟  汤文杰  邝声耀 《动物营养学报》2023,(1):148-156

本试验旨在研究不同铜源（硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜）和铜添加水平（20和30 mg/kg）对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清铜含量与含铜酶活性以及组织铜含量的影响,探讨断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率。试验采用3×2双因子随机区组设计,选取平均体重为（8.98±0.48） kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪112头,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮（铜含量为7.80 mg/kg）,各试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加20或30 mg/kg硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜或柠檬酸铜（均以铜含量计）。试验预试期3 d,正试期28 d。结果表明：1）试验组与对照组断奶仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。2）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对血清铜蓝蛋白和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性均无显著影响（P>0.05）。3）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪肝脏铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对心脏、肾脏、胰脏和跖骨铜含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）根据多元线性回归斜率比法计算,以血清铜...  相似文献   

Characterization of new photosynthesis-inhibiting imidazolidine derivatives. 1. Interpretation of post-emergence herbicidal performance from photosynthesis-inhibiting activity and systemicity     

Daisuke Yanase  Misako Chiba  Akihide Andoh  Takeshi Gotoh 《Pest management science》1995,43(4):279-285

An attempt was made to account for quantitatively measured herbicidal performance of foliage-applied 5-hydroxy-3-methyl-2–oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamide derivatives by their photosynthesis-inhibiting activity and systemicity. Photosynthesis-inhibiting activity was estimated from the increase of chlorophyll fluorescence intensity in Chlorella vulgaris Beijer cells measured by a microplate scanner, and systemicity was also evaluated by computer-aided chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. The highest herbicidal performance was recorded for N-cyclohexyl-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-imidazo～idine-l-carboxamide, a compound with the second strongest photosynthesis-inhibiting activity and intermediate systemicity. Though neither photosynthesis-inhibiting activity nor systemicity showed significant correlation with the actual herbicidal performance in simple regression analyses, a high predictability was found for a multiple regression on both parameters as two independent variables, suggesting that these two factors work cooperatively in the field performance.  相似文献   

Factors Influencing the Bioavailability of Peroral Formulations of Drugs for Dogs     

Sabnis S 《Veterinary research communications》1999,23(7):425-447

The oral route is presently the preferred route of drug delivery. Poor oral bioavailability results in variable concentrations of drugs in the plasma and variable pharmacological responses, in addition to higher product costs. The unique canine physiology, anatomy and biochemistry makes designing canine dosage forms a challenging exercise. This article reviews the physicochemical, physiological, pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and formulation factors that can influence the drug availability of the oral formulations in dogs in an effort to provide a source of data to aid development of canine drug products with superior bioavailability.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics of Amoxicillin Trihydrate in Desert Sheep and Nubian Goats     

Elsheikh HA  Taha AA  Khalafalla AE  Osman IA  Wasfi IA 《Veterinary research communications》1999,23(8):507-514

The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin were studied in five Desert sheep and five Nubian goats after intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Following i.v. injection, the plasma concentration-versus-time data were best described by a two-compartment open model. The kinetic variables were similar in both species except for the volume of the central compartment (V_c), which was larger in sheep (p<0.05). Following i.m. injection, except for the longer half-life time of absorption in goats (p<0.05), there were no significant differences in other pharmacokinetic parameters between sheep and goats. The route of amoxicillin administration had no significant effect on the terminal elimination half-life in either species. The bioavailability of the drug (F) after i.m. administration was high (>0.90) in both species. These results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin did not differ between sheep and goats; furthermore, because of the high availability and short half-life of absorption, the i.m. route gives similar results to the i.v. route. Therefore, identical intramuscular and intravenous dose regimens should be applicable to both species.  相似文献   

Endometrial Tissue Concentrations of Enrofloxacin after Intrauterine Administration to Mares     

Fumuso E  Checura C  Losinno L  Soto P  Sánchez S 《Veterinary research communications》2002,26(5):371-380

Endometritis in mares is a common cause of infertility. Conventional treatments of the disease have mostly been unsuccessful, so new therapeutic alternatives need to be investigated. This study evaluated the uterine disposition and plasma pharmacokinetic behaviour of a commercial formulation of enrofloxacin (EFX) given by the intrauterine (i.u.) route (2.5 mg/kg) in healthy mares. In order to evaluate the uterine inflammatory response, an initial histopathological study assessing polymorphonuclear cell infiltration was carried out in 20 mares over a 14-day period after treatment. In a second study, 6 healthy adult mares were used for the pharmacokinetic study. Samples of uterine tissue and plasma were collected from 0 to 24 h after the i.u. treatment with 5% EFX solution. Samples were analysed by conventional microbiological assay using an EFX-sensitive strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). There was a moderate but statistically nonsignificant inflammatory response following i.u. administration of either the formulation or the vehicle alone. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the uterine concentrations of EFX showed a slow and sustained depletion, with EFX remaining at concentrations above the MIC for 24 h after treatment. The area under the concentration–time curve obtained for the uterus suggested that EFX and its metabolites are specifically retained in the uterus, which is the target tissue for bacterial colonization. Neither study provided any evidence of EFX toxicity. In conclusion, these results are encouraging and suggest that EFX may be a useful local treatment in mares with bacterial endometritis.  相似文献