Associations of fish with various types of littoral habitats in reservoirs     

Marek Šmejkal  Marie Prchalová  Martin Čech  Mojmír Vašek  Milan Říha  Tomáš Jůza  Petr Blabolil  Jan Kubečka 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2014,23(3):405-413

Fish associations with different types of littoral habitats were studied in four canyon‐shaped reservoirs in the Czech Republic in years 2010 and 2011 by gillnets. Two to three habitats per reservoir–beaches (former meadows), stump fields (former forest) and rubble slopes–were defined and sampled along the longitudinal axis of reservoirs. Effects of reservoir, habitat and locality (position along longitudinal axis) on fish biomass, abundance and species structure were tested for juvenile and adult fish separately. Hierarchical analysis of variance revealed that habitats differed significantly in fish biomass and abundance. Redundancy analysis showed that analysed environmental variables had significant influence on fish community structure. Most variability in community structure was explained by reservoir and then by combination of habitat and slope steepness. Locality position had the smallest influence on community structure. For both adult and juvenile fish total abundance and biomass, the most inhabited habitat was beaches; rubble slopes were the least inhabited. Habitat associations differed among species. Among adults, bream Abramis brama, white bream Blicca bjoerkna and roach Rutilus rutilus were associated with beaches and stump fields, whereas perch Perca fluviatilis, ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, asp Aspius aspius and pike Esox lucius were associated with rubble slopes. Bream, white bream, bleak Alburnus alburnus, roach, ruffe and pikeperch Sander lucioperca were associated with beaches among juveniles, whereas the only juvenile associated with rubble slopes was perch. We showed that most common species are associated with distinct habitats and also that utilisation of various littoral habitats differs in general.  相似文献   

基于熵算法的股票指数高频数据复杂度测算与评价     

温博慧  袁铭  侯笠 《湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2015,(1):19-25

在日内高频环境下检验基于兼容法的柯尔莫哥洛夫熵、样本熵和模糊熵等复杂度测算方法对我国沪深300股票指数的测算效率，并运用筛选后的有效算法分阶段研究和比较了序列复杂度的变化过程与变化幅度.结果表明，模糊熵算法是一种更适用于我国沪深300股票指数的有效复杂度测算方法，其对相似容忍度的敏感性更低，测度值连续性更好.随时间推移，我国沪深300股票指数复杂度整体呈上升趋势,而相较于发达市场甚至周边新兴市场其复杂度偏低.  相似文献   

Indicators and trade-offs of ecosystem services in agricultural soils along a landscape heterogeneity gradient     

《Applied soil ecology》2014

Soil functions can be classified as supporting (nutrient cycling) and provisioning (crop production) ecosystem services (ES). These services consist of multiple and dynamic functions and are typically assessed using indicators, e.g. microbial biomass as an indicator of supporting services. Agricultural intensification negatively affects indicators of soil functions and is therefore considered to deplete soil ES. It has been suggested that incorporating leys into crop rotations can enhance soil ES. We examined this by comparing indicators of supporting soil services – organic carbon, nitrogen, water holding capacity and available phosphorous (carbon storage and nutrient retention); net nitrogen mineralisation rate and microbial biomass (nutrient cycling and retention) – in barley fields, leys and permanent pastures along a landscape heterogeneity gradient (100, 500 and 1000 m radii). In addition, barley yields (provisioning service) were analysed against these indicators to identify trade-offs among soil services. Levels of most indicators did not differ between barley and ley fields and were consistently lower than in permanent pastures. Leys supported greater microbial biomass than barley fields. Landscape heterogeneity had no effect on the indicators or microbial community composition. However, landscape heterogeneity correlated negatively with yield and soil pH, suggesting that soils in heterogeneous landscapes are less fertile and therefore have lower yields. No trade-offs were found between increasing barley yield and the soil indicators. The results suggest that soil ES are determined at the field level, with little influence from the surrounding landscape, and that greater crop yields do not necessarily come at the expense of supporting soil services.  相似文献   

Addition of structural complexity – contrasting effect on juvenile brown trout in a natural stream          下载免费PDF全文

Johan Höjesjö  Elin Gunve  Torgny Bohlin  Jörgen I. Johnsson 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2015,24(4):608-615

In a field experiment, we examined the effects of structural complexity in the form of added artificial plastic plants and shredded plastic bags on growth and abundance of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). Just after emergence, the added complexity had a positive effect on the density, biomass and condition factor of young‐of‐the‐year (0+) brown trout. This difference in density was not present six weeks later. In contrast, both young‐of‐the‐year and older brown trout generally tended to be larger in the simple habitat. Hence, our data suggest that increased complexity initially is beneficial for young‐of‐the‐year individuals probably due to lower risk of predation and increased densities of prey. However, as density increases in the complex environment, it may induce negative density‐dependent effects, here reflected in smaller sized fish in the complex environment. This might force fish to redistribute to habitats with lower densities of conspecifics as they grow larger. We propose that habitat complexity can increase survival of yearlings in early phases and thereby also affect the overall population structure of brown trout in natural streams.  相似文献   

蔷薇科植物嫁接技术研究     

谭成静 《现代农业科技》2011,(21):214-215

从嫁接植株成活率、成活植株幼苗长势、耗时耗工量、操作复杂程度4个方面,对蔷薇科植物常用嫁接技术(劈接、插接、靠接)进行研究,结果表明,插接嫁接成活率高、成活植株长势好、省时省工、操作方法简单,优于劈接和靠接嫁接方式。  相似文献   

建三江分局地下水资源系统复杂性测度分析     

刘萌 《现代农业科技》2015,(2):211+213

为描述建三江分局地下水资源系统的复杂性特征,采用模式熵方法对其下属农场逐月地下水埋深序列复杂性进行了测度分析,并借助Arc GIS技术的可视化功能实现了建三江分局各农场地下水资源系统复杂性的区域差异分析。测度与分析结果表明:勤得利农场7区等8个农场逐月地下水埋深序列复杂性较强,鸭绿河农场5区等7个农场逐月地下水埋深序列复杂性较弱,模式熵能反映地下水埋深动态变化程度,具有运算高效快捷等优点,为水文序列复杂性研究提供了一种新途径。研究成果揭示了该地区地下水资源系统的复杂性特征及其地域差异,为水资源优化配置模型构建率定了边界参数,为建三江分局乃至整个三江平原合理利用与开发地下水资源提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

Multiple sampling and discriminatory fingerprinting reveals clonally complex and compartmentalized infections by M. bovis in cattle     

《Veterinary microbiology》2015,175(1):99-104

The combination of new genotyping tools and a more exhaustive sampling policy in the analysis of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has shown that infection by this pathogen is more complex than initially expected. Mixed infections, coexistence of clonal variants from a parental strain, and compartmentalized infections are all different modalities of this clonal complexity. Until recently, genotyping of Mycobacterium bovis in animal populations was based on spoligotyping and analysis of a single isolate per infection; therefore, clonal complexity is probably underdetected. We used multiple sampling combined with highly discriminatory MIRU-VNTR to study compartmentalized infections by M. bovis in a low-tuberculosis prevalence setting. We spoligotyped the M. bovis isolates from two or more anatomic locations sampled from 55 animals on 39 independent farms. Compartmentalized infections, with two different strains infecting independent lymph nodes in the same animal, were found in six cases (10.9%). MIRU-VNTR analysis confirmed that the compartmentalization was strict and that only one strain was present in each infected node. MIRU-VNTR analysis of additional infected animals on one of the farms confirmed that the compartmentalized infection was a consequence of superinfection, since the two strains were independently infecting other animals. This same analysis revealed the emergence of a microevolved clonal variant in one of the lymph nodes of the compartmentalized animal. Clonal complexity must also be taken into consideration in M. bovis infection, even in low-prevalence settings, and analyses must be adapted to detect it and increase the accuracy of molecular epidemiology studies.  相似文献   

海南中部山区植被演变阶段植物物种多样性与群落结构多样性变化规律   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陈伟  杨小波  李时兴  林明基  龙文兴 《热带作物学报》2014,35(4):784-790

以海南中部山区的草地、灌丛、次生林和原始林为演替系列,研究植被演替过程中群落结构多样性与物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明,群落演替过程中植物科属种数、总体Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数、乔灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数及垂直结构多样性指数都显著增大;群落结构多样性指数分别与群落植物科属种数、总体alpha物种多样性指数、灌木层和乔木层物种alpha多样性指数都显著正相关。通过恢复演替,植被复杂性和质量都呈增大趋势。  相似文献   

Effect of variable retention cutting on the relationship between growth of coarse roots and stem of Picea mariana     

Hans Pretzsch  Michael Heym  Samuel Pinna  Robert Schneider 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(3):222-233

Silviculture heading for structural heterogeneity creates many single trees standing at stand margins, inner edges or in remnant tree groups. As they played just a minor role in the age class forest, the growth behaviour of strongly released trees is rather unexplored. Here we show how retention cutting, presently spreading in the boreal of Québec province, affects stem and coarse root growth of remained single black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton]. Increment cores from roots and stems of 125 trees show that retention cutting triggers coarse root growth of the remaining trees. Compared with reference trees retention trees accelerate root in relation to stem growth. Mean and variability of the root–stem allometry significantly rise after retention cutting. The found acceleration of root in relation to stem growth means mechanical stabilisation of the retention trees and corroborates the retention cutting method. Evaluation of silvicultural treatments can be incomplete and misleading as long as they are just based on aboveground reactions and neglect root growth.  相似文献   

Significance of host complexity and diversity for race-specific leaf-rust resistance in self-fertile synthetic rye populations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

K. Wilde    H. H. Geiger    T. Miedaner 《Plant Breeding》2006,125(3):225-230

Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Des.) is the most frequently occurring leaf disease in German winter rye (Secale cereale L.). To test the usefulness of race‐specific resistance genes, the effects of increased host diversity and complexity by producing two‐ and four‐line synthetics from inbred lines carrying different resistance genes were analysed. Thirty‐three synthetics along with two full‐sib families and one hybrid variety were tested in 17 environments in Germany under natural infections. For comparison, the parent lines of the synthetics were evaluated in 11 environments. Only two synthetics and the full‐sib families were resistant across all environments. Observed resistance levels of the synthetics were highly correlated (r = 0.83, P = 0.01) with those predicted from the parental values. Host complexity had a minor effect in two‐line synthetics only. In conclusion, the effectiveness of race‐specific leaf‐rust resistances among environments, and increasing the host complexity and diversity does not lead to a higher resistance level than that expected from the resistances of the parents.  相似文献