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Shun HIRASAWA Miki SHIMIZU Yuumi MARUI Miori KISHIMOTO Seiichi OKUNO 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2014,76(12):1603-1607
We designed a new method of
measuring the length of the ulnar nerve and determining standard values for F-wave
parameters of the ulnar nerve in clinically normal beagles. Nerve length must be precisely
measured to determine F-wave latency and conduction velocity. The length of the forelimb
has served as the length of the ulnar nerve for F-wave assessments, but report indicates
that F-wave latency is proportional to the length of the pathway traveled by nerve
impulses. Therefore, we measured the surface distance from a stimulus point to the spinous
process of the first thoracic vertebra (nerve length 1) and the anterior horn of the
scapula (nerve length 2) as landmarks through the olecranon and the shoulder blade
acromion. The correlation coefficients between the shortest F-wave latency and the length
of nerves 1, 2 or the forelimb were 0.61, 0.7 and 0.58. Nerve length 2 generated the
highest value. Furthermore, the anterior horn of the scapula was easily palpated in any
dog regardless of well-fed body. We concluded that nerve length 2 was optimal for
measuring the length of the ulnar nerve. 相似文献
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RICHARD D. PARK DVM PHD THOMAS R. NELSON PHD P. JACK HOOPES DVM PHD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1987,28(4):105-116
Magnetic resonance (MR) images were made in sagittal and transverse planes through the metacarpophalangeal joint and digit of a horse. The images accurately depicted gross anatomic structures in the leg. Soft tissue structures were defined as separate entities on the images. Histologic varlation in tissues correlated with signal intensity differences on the MR images. Magnetic resonance imaging appears to be a promising imaging modality for evaluating musculoskeletal structures in equine limbs. 相似文献
3.
Intervertebral disc disease in the cervical and cranial thoracic vertebrae is unusual in horses and the majority of documented cases have been associated with infection and resulted in ataxia. The current retrospective study documents the clinical and imaging features, and outcome in eight Equidae with neck stiffness ± forelimb lameness (n = 3) or ataxia (n = 2) assessed during a 10-year period at two clinics. The Equidae (one donkey and seven horses) ranged in age from 1.5 to 12 years (median 5.5 years). The duration of clinical signs ranged from 1 to 6 months (median 1.5 months). The donkey had a depressed demeanour. All Equidae had reduced range of neck movement. The donkey and one horse showed mild and severe ataxia respectively. Two horses showed a propensity to stumble on each forelimb, one of which exhibited forelimb lameness on the lunge or ridden. Two additional horses showed lameness in hand. One horse experienced ‘neck locking’ during grazing. Radiological abnormalities were identified involving the intervertebral symphysis between the sixth cervical vertebra (C6) and C7 in four Equidae; in two horses the articulation between C7 and the first thoracic vertebra (T1) was involved. One horse had abnormalities of the intervertebral symphyses of both C7 and T1, and T1 and T2. In one horse the articulation between C2 and 3 was affected. The donkey was treated with a prolonged course of doxycycline and improved. An advanced dressage horse returned to full-function after surgical fusion of the affected intervertebral symphysis. Intervertebral disc disease is a rare cause of neck stiffness ± lameness or ataxia. 相似文献
4.
Ayano SATO Toshihide KATO Motoshi TAJIMA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(6):940
Flexural and hyperextension deformities are congenital problems in calves. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the distal limb conformation in 1 day- and 28-day-old female Holstein-Friesian (HF) calves (n=21), male Japanese Black (JB) calves (n=15), and female JB calves (n=15). The claw angle of the forelimb dorsal claw wall in a standing position and recorded other parameters, including body weight, withers height, circumference of forelimbs, and flexor tendon thickness in the forelimbs, were measured and compared these between the three groups. At 1 day old, the mean claw angles were 51.1° in female HF calves, 47.0° in male JB calves, and 41.8° in female JB calves; the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the claw angles showed large distributions in all three groups. One female HF and one male JB calves showed mild flexural deformity, whereas four JB calves showed hyperextension deformity. At 28 days old, the mean claw angles were 51.7° in female HF calves, 51.2° in male JB calves, and 48.4° in female JB calves; the 95% CIs of the claw angles showed smaller distributions than those at 1 day old in all groups. For all groups, the limb deformities had improved without treatment at 28 days old. As a feature of the breed, female JB calves were apt to show hyperextended deformities inversely proportional to the body weight. These limb deformities healed spontaneously and were thought to be physiological. 相似文献
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Muscles and fascial elements of the antebrachium and manus of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana,Blumenbach 1797): starring comparative and functional considerations 
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下载免费PDF全文 R. M. Nagel G. Forstenpointner J. T. Soley G. E. Weissengruber 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2018,47(3):195-205
The structure of the limbs of elephants is unusual among mammals. In African elephants (Loxodonta africana, Blumenbach 1797), the front limbs serve to support the greatest part of the body mass of the largest land animal. In this study, we present new and detailed anatomical data regarding muscular and specific fascial structures of the lower front limb which were examined by means of standard anatomical and histological techniques. The muscles and tendons of the forearm (antebrachium) and hand (manus) are tightly surrounded by thick, highly elastic fascial layers which fuse with the lacertus (lac.) fibrosus and the so‐called ligamentum (lig.) humeroulnare. A well‐developed musculus (m.) brachioradialis occupies the proximolateral aspect of the forearm and its tendon inserts together with the lac. fibrosus on the os carpi intermedium. The lac. fibrosus, the lig. humeroulnare and the m. flexor carpi radialis reveal a large proportion of elastic fibres. These three structures may play an important role in storing strain energy thus promoting energy‐saving locomotion. On the palmar aspect of the carpus, metacarpus and digits, short flexor, abductor, adductor, lumbricales and interossei muscles are present, whereas supinator muscles are absent in all specimens. The short muscles of the hand together with specific dorsal tendons enable precise movements of specific toes. 相似文献
8.
Ultrasonography of the proximal third interosseus muscle (PTIOM, suspensory ligament) is routinely performed for the diagnosis of the cause of proximal metacarpal/tarsal pain. As a result of the complex architecture and deep localisation of this ligament, performing and interpreting ultrasonographic images of this structure can be difficult. This paper describes an ultrasonographic procedure that allows complete imaging of the PTIOM in the forelimbs using a combination of approaches including sagittal and palmarocollateral approaches on the weightbearing limb with linear and convex probes. Moreover, the procedure includes images made on the flexed limb, thereby allowing a better contact and a more complete representation of the PTIOM and palmar aspect of the metacarpal bones. 相似文献
9.
I. Nocera M. Sgorbini L. A. Gracia-Calvo M. Cacini V. Vitale S. Citi 《Equine Veterinary Education》2021,33(9):484-488
Variability in the technique employed for flexion tests may produce different responses and veterinary assessments. We propose a novel custom-designed dynamometer and compare the results with the literature. Ten horses were enrolled in the present study, with a total of 20 forelimbs. The horses were found to be healthy based on orthopaedic and radiographic examination of the distal forelimb region, performed on both limbs. Lower forelimb flexion tests were performed by applying three different forces (75, 100 and 120 N), measured with a dynamometer, for one minute, with a time interval of 48 h between each test. Each horse was trotted before and after the flexion test. The experiment was videotaped, and the responses were assessed randomly and blindly by three experienced equine veterinarians. None of the horses responded with a lameness grade exceeding 1/5 on a numerical 6-point scale. Two out of three veterinarians detected a increased degree of lameness between the minimum and the maximum force applied, while one veterinarian showed no change in the interpretation of the flexion test for all three applied forces. A mild agreement was detected between veterinarian A and B, applying a force of 100 N, and between A and C, with 120 N; a moderate agreement was found between veterinarian A and B, with 120 N. The chi-square test showed that the results observed were only like the expected ones for 100 N. With a force of 100 N, there is no relationship between intensity and the evaluation of lameness; consequently, 100 N could be used to achieve a real standardisation of the lameness score. The use of the dynamometer was found to be easy and practical. It also enabled the applied force and the manipulation technique to be objectified. 相似文献
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