Spinal Mobilization and Manipulation in Horses     

《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》2022,38(3):509-523

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Relationships between glucose, sodium and effective osmolality in diabetic dogs and cats     

Thomas Schermerhorn  VMD  Dipl ACVIM    Stephen C. Barr  BVSc  MVS  PhD  Dipl ACVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2006,16(1):19-24

Objective: To examine the relative contributions of sodium and glucose to serum effective osmolality and the presence of abnormalities of sodium and osmolality in diabetic dogs and cats. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: A university‐based referral hospital. Animals: Diabetic dogs (n=14) and cats (n=13) consecutively admitted to the hospital over a 6‐month period. Interventions: None Measurements: Serum biochemistry assessments. Main results: The mean glucose concentration was higher in diabetic dogs than in diabetic cats. Total osmolality (Osm_T), effective osmolality (Osm_E), and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, blood urea notrogen, bicarbonate, and creatinine did not differ between species. Sodium abnormalities and hyperosmolality affected 44% and 81%, respectively, of the study group. However, marked hyperosmolality (Osm_E>330 mOsm/L) was found in only 33% of the study group. Serum sodium correlated closely with Osm_E in dogs and cats but serum glucose did not correlate with the Osm_E in either species. Subsets of dogs (n=10) and cats (n=7) with diabetic ketosis (DK) were examined separately. DK dogs had significantly lower sodium concentrations than DK cats and the proportion of DK dogs with hyponatremia was nearly 3 times greater than DK cats. Severe hyperosmolality (Osm_E>330 mOsm/L) was more common in DK cats than DK dogs. Conclusions: In diabetic dogs and cats, sodium, not glucose, was correlated with serum Osm_E and marked elevation in pretreatment Osm_E is uncommon. Compensatory reduction in serum sodium may be 1 mechanism for blunting changes in Osm_E in the presence of marked hyperglycemia.  相似文献   

Changes in serum glucose,sodium, and tonicity in cats treated for diabetic ketosis     

Stephanie Kotas BS  Lisa Gerber BS  Lisa E. Moore DVM  DACVIM  Thomas Schermerhorn VMD  DACVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2008,18(5):488-495

Objective – To examine serum sodium, glucose, and tonicity in cats with diabetic ketosis. Design – Retrospective study. Setting – A university‐based referral hospital. Animals – Cats admitted to the ICU during the period 1998 to 2002 with a diagnosis of diabetic ketosis. Interventions – None. Routine clinical management of diabetes and associated conditions. Measurements – Serum biochemistry assessments. Main Results – Abnormalities of glucose, sodium and serum tonicity (ST) were common in the study group. Serum sodium but not glucose correlated closely with ST. A subset of cats treated with intravenous insulin and an isotonic sodium‐containing solution for 72 hours showed a significant decrease in glucose from admission values at 48 and 72 hours (but not at 24 hours). Serum sodium, potassium, and ST were not significantly different from admission values at any time over the 72‐hour period. However, the relative contribution of individual osmolytes varied over the course of treatment. Although glucose decreased >120% from admission values over the 72‐hour treatment period, the approximately 5% rise in serum sodium that occurred offset the osmotic effect of falling glucose and the overall ST change was <3%. Conclusions – The incidence of osmotic‐mediated neurologic complications during treatment of cats with diabetic ketosis is low in part because the minimal fluctuation in ST during treatment likely prevents the development of osmotic gradients between serum and central nervous system tissues. The use of isotonic sodium‐containing fluids in the treatment of feline diabetes acts to minimize large osmotic shifts by adding sodium to the serum compartment as the glucose concentration falls.  相似文献   

电激活参数与渗透压阶段培养法对孤雌胚胎发育能力的影响     

黄雷  樊俊华  武海燕  李林  高青  李奎  敖红 《中国畜牧兽医》2012,39(1):155-158

试验旨在摸索猪卵母细胞孤雌激活的电场强度和脉冲时间,并探索渗透压阶段培养法对孤雌胚胎后期发育的影响。猪卵母细胞成熟培养42~44 h后,分别在电场强度2.1、2.3、2.5 kV/mm和脉冲时间30、60、90 μs的9组电激活参数下进行孤雌激活试验;卵母细胞在2.1 kV/mm和30 μs的参数下进行孤雌激活后,分别培养于渗透压为271、280、290、302 mOsm的PZM-3中,48 h后移入渗透压280 mOsm的PZM-3中继续培养96 h;孤雌胚胎于电激活后先在含2 mmol/L 6-DMAP的PZM-3中培养4~6 h,然后移入不含6-DMAP的PZM-3中继续培养。试验结果表明,电场强度和脉冲时间两个参数间无显著的交互作用(P>0.05),脉冲时间相同条件下,卵裂率在不同电场强度条件下均无显著差异(P>0.05),2.1和2.5 kV/mm的电场强度条件下,脉冲时间为30 μs时的卵裂率显著高于60和90 μs(P<0.05),而2.3 kV/mm电场强度下3个脉冲时间试验组的卵裂率无显著差异(P>0.05),各试验组的囊胚率无显著差异(P>0.05);孤雌胚胎在渗透压为290~310 mOsm的PZM-3中培养48 h,卵裂率得到显著提高(P<0.05),渗透压对囊胚率无显著影响(P>0.05);6-DMAP对孤雌胚胎卵裂率无显著影响(P>0.05),但可以显著提高囊胚率(P<0.05)。结果提示,猪卵母细胞孤雌激活需要较高的电场强度(2.1~2.3 kV/mm)而脉冲时间不宜过长(30 SymbolmA@s);48 h的高渗培养和6-DMAP的辅助激活有助于孤雌胚胎的后期发育。  相似文献