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《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2021,48(5):734-744
ObjectiveTo compare induction times and physiological effects of etorphine–azaperone with etorphine–midazolam immobilization in African buffaloes.Study designRandomized crossover study.AnimalsA group of 10 adult buffalo bulls (mean body weight 353 kg).MethodsEtorphine–azaperone (treatment EA; 0.015 and 0.15 mg kg–1, respectively) and etorphine–midazolam (treatment EM; 0.015 and 0.15 mg kg–1, respectively) were administered once to buffaloes, 1 week apart. Once in sternal recumbency, buffaloes were instrumented and physiological variables recorded at 5 minute intervals, from 5 minutes to 20 minutes. Naltrexone (20 mg mg–1 etorphine dose) was administered intravenously at 40 minutes. Induction (dart placement to recumbency) and recovery (naltrexone administration to standing) times were recorded. Arterial blood samples were analysed at 5 and 20 minutes. Physiological data were compared between treatments using a general linear mixed model and reported as mean ± standard deviation. Time data were compared using Mann-Whitney U test and reported as median (interquartile range) with p ≤ 0.05.ResultsActual drug doses administered for etorphine, azaperone and midazolam were 0.015 ± 0.001, 0.15 ± 0.01 and 0.16 ± 0.02 mg kg–1, respectively. Induction time for treatment EA was 3.3 (3.6) minutes and not different from 3.2 (3.2) minutes for treatment EM. The overall mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower for treatment EA (102 ± 25 mmHg) than that for treatment EM (163 ± 18 mmHg) (p < 0.001). The PaO2 for treatment EA (37 ± 12 mmHg; 5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) was not different from that for treatment EM (43 ± 8 mmHg; 5.8 ± 1.1 kPa). Recovery time was 0.8 (0.6) minutes for treatment EA and did not differ from 1.1 (0.6) minutes for treatment EM.Conclusions and clinical relevanceTreatment EA was as effective as treatment EM for immobilization in this study. However, systemic arterial hypertension was a concern with treatment EM, and both combinations produced clinically relevant hypoxaemia. Supplemental oxygen administration is recommended with both drug combinations. 相似文献
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AIM: To determine the physiological status of calves at birth and the perinatal factors that might predispose newborn calves to debility and death, using criteria previously established for newborn lambs. METHODS: Friesian mixed-aged cows and heifers on a dairy farm in New Zealand that were close to calving were separated from the main herd and observed 24 h a day until they calved. Cows in which labour did not progress for over 1 h or which were in distress were assisted. About 12–13 min after birth, rectal temperature was measured and a blood sample was taken from each calf. The packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma lactate, glucose and fructose concentrations were determined. The time to stand for each calf and the air temperature and weather conditions at birth were recorded. RESULTS: The parameters measured were within normal ranges for newborns for the majority of calves. Calves sired by an Angus bull and born to heifers (AngusX) had significantly higher plasma lactate and fructose concentrations than Friesian calves born to cows, but there were no significant differences between the two breeds in any of the other parameters measured. Calves of both breeds born with assistance had significantly higher plasma lactate concentrations than those born without. Friesian calves that were assisted at birth had significantly lower PCvs and took significantly longer to stand than calves born without assistance. Assisted AngusX calves were significantly heavier than their unassisted counterparts. Calves born during windy and wet weather and when air temperatures were below 10°C had lower rectal temperatures, took longer to stand and had higher plasma glucose concentrations than those born in dry weather and when air temperatures were above 10°C. CONCLUSIONS: Calves with physiological parameters outside the normal range had experienced difficult labour and/or intrapartum hypoxaemia. Placental insufficiency and maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy did not apparently contribute to neonatal problems in the present study. 相似文献
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Kästner SB Kutter AP von Rechenberg B Bettschart-Wolfensberger R 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2006,33(1):8-16
OBJECTIVE: To compare the sedative, anaesthetic-sparing and arterial blood-gas effects of two medetomidine (MED) doses used as pre-anaesthetic medication in sheep undergoing experimental orthopaedic surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, controlled experimental trial. ANIMALS: Twenty-four adult, non-pregnant, female sheep of various breeds, weighing 53.9 +/- 7.3 kg (mean +/- SD). METHODS: All animals underwent experimental tibial osteotomy. Group 0 (n = 8) received 0.9% NaCl, group L (low dose) (n = 8) received 5 microg kg(-1) MED and group H (high dose) (n = 8) received 10 microg kg(-1) MED by intramuscular (IM) injection 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia with intravenous (IV) propofol 1% and maintenance with isoflurane delivered in oxygen. The propofol doses required for induction and endtidal isoflurane concentrations (F(E')ISO) required to maintain anaesthesia were recorded. Heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperature were determined before and 30 minutes after administration of the test substance. The degree of sedation before induction of anaesthesia was assessed using a numerical rating scale. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, FE'ISO, end-tidal CO2 (FE'CO2) and inspired O2 (FIO2) concentration were recorded every 10 minutes during anaesthesia. Arterial blood gas values were determined 10 minutes after induction of anaesthesia and every 30 minutes thereafter. Changes over time and differences between groups were examined by analysis of variance (anova) for repeated measures followed by Bonferroni-adjusted t-tests for effects over time. RESULTS: Both MED doses produced mild sedation. The dose of propofol for induction of anaesthesia decreased in a dose-dependent manner: mean (+/-SE) values for group 0 were 4.7 (+/-0.4) mg kg(-1), for group L, 3.2 (+/-0.4) mg kg(-1) and for group H, 2.3 (+/-0.3) mg kg(-1)). The mean (+/-SE) FE'ISO required to maintain anaesthesia was 30% lower in both MED groups [group L: 0.96 (+/-0.07) %; group H: 1.06 (+/-0.09) %] compared with control group values [(1.54 +/- 0.17) %]. Heart rates were constantly higher in the control group with a tendency towards lower arterial blood pressures when compared with the MED groups. Respiratory rates and PaCO2 were similar in all groups while PaO2 increased during anaesthesia with no significant difference between groups. In group H, one animal developed a transient hypoxaemia: PaO2 was 7.4 kPa (55.7 mmHg) 40 minutes after induction of anaesthesia. Arterial pH values and bicarbonate concentrations were higher in the MED groups at all time points. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intramuscular MED doses of 5 and 10 microg kg(-1) reduced the propofol and isoflurane requirements for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia respectively. Cardiovascular variables and blood gas measurements remained stable over the course of anaesthesia but hypoxaemia developed in one of 16 sheep receiving MED. 相似文献
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Reversed patent ductus arteriosus and multiple congenital malformations in an 8‐day‐old Arabo‐Friesian foal 
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下载免费PDF全文 A. Dufourni A. Decloedt D. De Clercq V. Saey K. Chiers G. van Loon 《Equine Veterinary Education》2018,30(6):315-321
An 8‐day‐old Arabo‐Friesian filly was presented with signs of severe dyspnoea, tachypnoea, coughing and cyanotic mucous membranes. On auscultation, a bilateral grade V/VI continuous heart murmur and heart rate of 155 beats/min (sinus tachycardia) were detected. Lung ultrasonography revealed pronounced comet tail artefacts indicating lung oedema. Echocardiography showed right ventricular hypertrophy, a 1.2 cm muscular ventricular septal defect with a left‐to‐right shunt, a stenotic bicuspid pulmonary valve and severe mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation. Tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity indicated a right ventricular systolic pressure of 119 mmHg. The pulmonary artery was severely dilated and a 1 cm diameter patent ductus arteriosus was found. Colour flow Doppler showed systolic ductal flow reversal with right‐to‐left shunting through the ductus. Arterial partial oxygen pressure and saturation were lower in the metatarsal artery (25 mmHg, saturation 52.6%) than in the carotid artery (31 mmHg, saturation 64.3%). Due to the poor prognosis, the foal was subjected to euthanasia and necropsy confirmed the ultrasonographic findings. Patent ductus arteriosus is a rare condition and occurs most frequently in combination with tetralogy and pentalogy of Fallot. A genetic basis for congenital cardiac disease, especially for ventricular septal defects, in Arabians and for aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation in Friesians has been reported. Whether cross‐breeding leads to an increased prevalence is unknown. This is the first case report with echocardiographic visualisation of reversed ductal flow in a neonatal Arabo‐Friesian foal. 相似文献
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OBJECTIVE: To determine if a commonly used analgesic dose of xylazine has detrimental cardiovascular or haemodynamic effects in sheep. DESIGN: A physiological study following intramuscular administration of xylazine. PROCEDURE: Xylazine (50 micrograms/kg) was injected intramuscularly into six healthy Merino ewes. For 60 min heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were recorded; arterial blood samples for the measurement of blood gas tensions were also collected. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output or arterial carbon dioxide tension. A slight degree of arterial hypoxaemia was noted with a 10% reduction in arterial oxygen tension values at 30 min. CONCLUSION: The minimal changes to cardiovascular and respiratory values in this study verify the safety of previously suggested analgesic dosing regimens for sheep. Previously reported hypoxaemic effects in sheep as a result of intravenous xylazine administration appear to be reduced as a result of intramuscular administration. 相似文献
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Kästner SB 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2006,33(2):79-96
OBJECTIVE: To review the use and adverse effects of alpha(2)-agonists in sheep. STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 'Pubmed' of the United States National Library of Medicine and 'Veterinary Science' of CAB International were searched for references relating sheep to alpha(2)-agonists. The bibliographies of retrieved articles were further scrutinized for pertinent references, and relevant articles were selected manually. RESULTS: Reports on the use of clonidine, xylazine, detomidine, romifidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine, MPV-2426 and ST-91 in sheep were found in the literature. Most of the studies described xylazine followed by medetomidine and clonidine. The literature on detomidine and romifidine in sheep was sparse. Reports included pharmacokinetic studies, evaluation of sedative, analgesic, and anaesthetic techniques with or without cardiovascular effects, and experimental investigations of adverse effects (mainly hypoxaemia) including the mechanisms of pulmonary oedema and impaired oxygenation after alpha(2)-agonist administration. CONCLUSIONS: A(2)-agonists are potent and effective analgesics in sheep. In combination with ketamine, they are frequently used for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, in this case analgesia is satisfactory. The degree of hypoxaemia which occurs with all commercially available alpha(2)-agonists is highly variable and depends on individual or breed-related factors; the most severe reactions occur after intravenous (IV) injection and during general anaesthesia. Clinical relevance Subclinical respiratory disease is common in sheep. Rapid IV injection of alpha(2)-agonists without supplementary oxygen should be avoided whenever hypoxaemia may be critical. 相似文献
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