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Effects of oxymorphone and hydromorphone on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs
OBJECTIVES: To quantify the change in the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (ISO) associated with oxymorphone (OXY) or hydromorphone (HYDRO) in dogs. DESIGN: Randomized crossover study with at least 1 week between assessments. ANIMALS: Six young, healthy, mixed-breed dogs (1-3 years old), weighing 24.7 +/- 4.70 kg. METHODS: Following mask induction, anesthesia was maintained with ISO in 100% O(2) using mechanical ventilation. The dogs received 0.05 mg kg(-1) OXY, 0.1 mg kg(-1) HYDRO, or 1 mL saline (control) IV. Following equilibration (15 minutes) at each percentage ISO tested, a supramaximal electrical stimulus was applied to the toe web and the response was assessed. Two separate MAC determinations were carried out during 4.5 hours of anesthesia, with completion of the evaluations at 1.5-2 and 4-4.5 hours after drug administration. A two-factor anova was used to determine whether there was a time or treatment effect on MAC and a Tukey test compared the drug effects at each time. Significance is reported at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean MAC values (+/-SD) were 1.2 +/- 0.18 and 1.2 +/- 0.16% for control, 0.7 +/-0.15 and 1.0 +/- 0.15% for OXY, and 0.6 +/- 0.14 and 0.8 +/- 0.17% for HYDRO. The initial MAC with OXY and the MAC determined at both times with HYDRO were significantly different from the control MAC values. CONCLUSIONS: Both OXY and HYDRO significantly reduced the MAC of ISO in dogs at 2 hours. At approximately 4.5 hours, HYDRO had a significant MAC-sparing effect, whereas OXY did not. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although both OXY and HYDRO resulted in a significant reduction in the MAC of ISO at approximately 2 hours, HYDRO may be preferred for procedures of long duration and rarely needs repeated dosing before 4.5 hours. 相似文献
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Matthew D Barnhart DVM MS John A E Hubbell DVM MS William W Muir DVM PhD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2000,27(2):89-96
Objective To determine the presence and duration of analgesia after oxymorphone, acepromazine maleate, acepromazine‐oxymorphone combination and medetomidine administration in dogs. Study design Blinded, controlled study. Animals Six adult beagle dogs. Methods Each dog participated in five trials receiving acepromazine maleate (0.2 mg kg?1 IM), oxymorphone (0.2 mg kg?1 IM), acepromazine‐oxymorphone drug combination (0.2 mg kg?1 each IM), medetomidine (20 µg kg?1 IM) and sterile saline (control). Two specially designed instruments were used for analgesia determination: a heat device (HD) utilized a linear ramped intensity incandescent bulb and a pressure device (PD) consisted of a pneumatic cylinder that protruded a 2.5‐cm bolt. The minimum pressure and heat necessary to produce an avoidance response were determined. Analgesia testing was performed prior to and at 30‐minute intervals for six hours after drug administration. Results Oxymorphone, acepromazine‐oxymorphone and medetomidine significantly elevated both pressure and heat response thresholds compared to controls and acepromazine. Both medetomidine and acepromazine‐oxymorphone provided a significantly longer duration of analgesia than oxymorphone. No adverse effects were observed at any of the thermal or pressure application sites. Conclusions Oxymorphone, medetomidine and acepromazine‐oxymorphone produced significant analgesia with medetomidine and acepromazine‐oxymorphone providing the longest duration of analgesia. 相似文献
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OBJECTIVES: To determine if chronic selegiline HCl administration affects the cardiopulmonary response to medetomidine, oxymorphone, or butorphanol in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized experimental study. ANIMALS: Twenty-eight adult, random source, hound dogs weighing 21-33 kg. METHODS: Dogs were assigned to the following treatment groups: selegiline + medetomidine (MED; n = 6); placebo + MED (n = 6), selegiline + oxymorphone (OXY; n = 6); placebo + OXY (n = 6); selegiline + butorphanol (BUT; n = 7) or placebo + BUT (n = 6). Nine dogs were treated with two of the three pre-medicants. Dogs were treated with selegiline (1 mg kg(-1) PO, q 24 hours) or placebo for at least 44 days prior to pre-medicant administration. On the day of the experiment, arterial blood for blood gas analysis, blood pressure measurements, ECG, cardiac ultrasound (mM-mode, 2-D, and continuous wave Doppler), and behavioral observations were obtained by blinded observers. An IV injection of MED (750 micro g m(-2)), OXY (0.1 mg kg(-1)) or BUT (0.4 mg kg(-1)) was given. Cardiopulmonary and behavioral data were collected at 1, 2, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after injection. RESULTS: Selegiline did not modify responses to any of the pre-medicant drugs. Medetomidine caused a significant decrease in heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and fractional shortening (FS). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and central venous pressure (CVP) were increased. Level of consciousness and resistance to restraint were both decreased. Oxymorphone did not affect MAP, CO, CVP, or SVR, but RR and PaCO(2) were increased. Level of consciousness and resistance to restraint were decreased. BUT decreased heart rate at 1 and 5 minutes. All other cardiovascular parameters were unchanged. BUT administration was associated with decreased arterial pH and increased PaCO(2). BUT decreased level of consciousness and resistance to restraint. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although pre-medicants themselves altered cardiopulmonary and behavioral function, selegiline did not affect the response to medetomidine, oxymorphone, or butorphanol in this group of normal dogs. 相似文献
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Effects of intramuscular sedative and opioid combinations on tear production in dogs 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The effect of commonly used sedation protocols on tear production rate was evaluated in dogs. Schirmer I tear tests were examined before and after intramuscular injection of acepromazine and oxymorphone (ACE + OXY; n = 7), diazepam and butorphanol (DIA + BUT; n = 8), and xylazine and butorphanol (XYL + BUT; n = 8). Two Schirmer I tear tests were also performed 15–25 min apart in dogs which received no sedative drugs (control; n = 4). Tear production rate decreased to 15 ± 2, 17 ± 1, and 6 ± 1 mm min−1 , respectively, while control animals averaged 21 ± 2 mm min−1 at the same time point. Because XYL + BUT profoundly decreased tear production rate, we evaluated the two drugs separately. While BUT mildly decreased tear production when given alone to dogs (18 ± 1 mm min−1 ; n = 5), xylazine had no effect on tear production. Thus it appears that the two agents act synergistically to decrease tear production rate in dogs. Moreover, sterile ocular lubricant or tear replacement should be used during XYL + BUT sedation. 相似文献
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Effects of acepromazine on the incidence of vomiting associated with opioid administration in dogs 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Valverde A Cantwell S Hernández J Brotherson C 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2004,31(1):40-45
Objective To evaluate the anti‐emetic properties of acepromazine in dogs receiving opioids as pre‐anesthetic medication. Study design Randomized prospective clinical study. Animals One hundred and sixteen dogs (ASA I or II), admitted for elective surgical procedures. The dogs were a mixed population of males and females, purebreds and mixed breeds, 0.25–13.4 years of age, weighing 1.8–57.7 kg. Methods A prospective clinical trial in which the dogs were randomly assigned to one of three groups. All groups received acepromazine (0.05 mg kg?1 intramuscularly (IM)). Group I received acepromazine 15 minutes prior to opioid administration. Group II received acepromazine in combination with the opioid. Group III received acepromazine 15 minutes after opioid administration. One of three different opioids was administered IM to each dog: morphine sulfate at 0.5 mg kg?1; hydromorphone hydrochloride at 0.1 mg kg?1; or oxymorphone hydrochloride at 0.075 mg kg?1. Results Dogs receiving acepromazine before the opioid (group I) had a significantly lower incidence of vomiting (18%) than dogs in groups II (45%) and III (55%). The degree of sedation was significantly lower in the dogs receiving the combination of acepromazine and the opioid (group II) than in dogs receiving the opioid as the first drug (group III). Conclusions and clinical relevance Acepromazine administered 15 minutes before the opioid lowers the incidence of vomiting induced by opioids. 相似文献
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Lesley J Smith Butch K Kukanich Lisa A Krugner‐Higby Brynn H Schmidt Timothy D Heath 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2013,40(5):537-545
ObjectiveTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics, in dogs, of liposome–encapsulated oxymorphone and hydromorphone made by the ammonium sulfate gradient loading technique (ASG).AnimalsFour healthy purpose–bred Beagles aged 9.5 ± 3.2 months and weighing 13.4 ± 2.3 kg.Study designRandomized cross–over design.MethodsEach dog was given either 4.0 mg kg?1 of ASG–oxymorphone or 8.0 mg kg?1 of ASG–hydromorphone SC on separate occasions with a 3–month washout period. Blood was collected at baseline and at serial time points up to 1032 hours (43 days) after injection for determination of serum opioid concentrations. Serum opioid concentrations were measured with HPLC–MS and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using commercial software and non–compartmental methods.ResultsSerum concentrations of oxymorphone remained above the limit of quantification for 21 days, while those for hydromorphone remained above the limit of quantification for 29 days. Cmax for ASG–oxymorphone was 7.5 ng mL?1; Cmax for ASG–hydromorphone was 5.7 ng mL?1.Conclusions and clinical relevanceOxymorphone and hydromorphone, when encapsulated into liposomes using the ammonium sulfate gradient loading technique, result in measureable serum concentrations for between 3 to 4 weeks. This formulation may have promise in the convenient use of opioids for clinical treatment of chronically painful conditions in dogs. 相似文献
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