The urbanization of wildlife management: Social science, conflict, and decision making     

Michael E. Patterson  Jessica M. Montag  Daniel R. Williams 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2003,1(3):171-183

Increasing urbanization of rural landscapes has created new challenges for wildlife management. In addition to changes in the physical landscape, urbanization has also produced changes in the socio-cultural landscape. The greater distancing from direct interaction with wildlife in urbanized societies has led to the emergence of a culture whose meanings for wildlife are less grounded in the utilitarian/instrumental orientation of rural agrarian systems. Urban perspectives on wildlife are comprised of more highly individualized emotional/symbolic values. This shift creates two problems with respect to managing wildlife in an urbanizing landscape. First the increased diversity in values and meanings increases the likelihood for social conflicts regarding wildlife management while at the same time making socially acceptable resolutions more intractable. This in turn requires fundamental changes in decision-making paradigms and the research approaches used to inform decision making. Second, as remaining rural communities feel the pressures of urbanization, wildlife conflicts become conflicts not just over wildlife but conflict over larger socio-political concepts such as equity, tradition, private property rights, government control, power, and acceptable forms of knowledge. This paper examines the wildlife management implications of changes associated with increasing urbanization and employs two case studies to illustrate these issues. First a study of a controversy over urban deer management provides insights into how to map conflicting values and search for common ground in an urban culture with increasingly individualistic values for wildlife. Specifically, the analysis illustrates that common ground may, at times, be found even among people with conflicting value systems. The second case study examined a ranching community faced with predator reintroduction. This case study illustrates tensions that occur when the community of interest (i.e. a national public) is broader than the community of place in which the problem occurs. In this latter situation, the debate centers around more than just different views about the rights of animals. It also entailed the rights of individuals and communities to decide their future. The conclusion discusses the need for wildlife institutions to adapt their underlying decision making philosophy including the way science is integrated into decision making processes in light of the changes in social context caused by urbanization.  相似文献   

Effects of weed control practices on surface-dwelling arthropod predators in tomato agroecosystems     

Yardım  Erdal N.  Edwards  Clive A. 《Phytoparasitica》2002,30(4):379-386

Weed control, an important practice in agroecosystems to protect crop production, is usually achieved with herbicides. However, these pesticides are expensive, pose potential risks to the environment, may affect some beneficial organisms indirectly, and decrease overall arthropod biodiversity, including pests and their natural enemies, by removing weeds that might act as hosts or shelters for many organisms. The activity density response of important surface-dwelling arthropod predators (ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae], ants [Hymenoptera: Formicidae] and spiders [Arachnida: Araneae]) to herbicides (trifluralin and paraquat), and to two alternative weed management practices (rye straw mulch and mechanical treatment to maintain weeds below threshold levels, in comparison with an untreated check), was assessed using pitfall traps. The mulch treatment had the greatest effect on activity density, reducing the number of predators trapped significantly (P<0.05). Herbicide use resulted in significant (P<0.05) reductions in the activity density of ground beetles. Most predators were trapped in the check plots — which had the highest weed biomass, followed in turn by numbers trapped in the threshold weed control treatment, the full herbicide application and the mulch treatment plots. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 10, 2002.  相似文献   

Antipredator behaviour of naïve Arctic charr young in the presence of predator odours and conspecific alarm cues     

T. Lautala  H. Hirvonen 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2008,17(1):78-85

Abstract –  We investigated how Arctic charr young respond behaviourally to olfactory cues from skin-damaged conspecifics, charr-fed pikeperch, and the combination of food-deprived pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in a two-channel Y-maze fluviarium test arena. Significant antipredator responses were found to skin-damaged conspecifics in three behavioural traits, to charr-fed pikeperch in two traits and to the combination of pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in all six behaviours investigated. The combination of predator and conspecific cues significantly increased spatial avoidance and cautiousness to approach the source of scent compared with odours from charr-fed predators. The results suggest that damage-released alarm cues exist in charr, and they strengthen the antipredator responses in conspecifics. As the charr used different behaviours and levels of response in the presence of different cues, they seem to have sophisticated skills to distinguish between different odour combinations and be able to adjust their behaviour according to the current predation risk level.  相似文献   

Do lethal trap devices threaten foot-hold trap capture efficacy?     

Paul D. Meek  Kathleen Shorter  Greg Falzon 《国际虫害防治杂志》2019,65(1):66-71

Foot-hold trapping is an important tool used in pest management programs in countries such as Australia, New Zealand and in North America. Research on humane trapping methods including the addition of sedatives (Tranquilizer Trap Device) and toxins (Lethal Trap Device) to foot-hold traps to improve the welfare of trapped pest animals is important. Lethal Trap Devices (LTD) are being tested in Australia to determine if deploying a toxin with a foot-hold trap is effective at delivering a lethal dose of toxin to trapped predators. This study aimed to test whether fitting an LTD to two different foot-hold jaw traps (Victor Soft catch #3 and Bridger #5) would affect the jaw closure time and as such affect capture rates. We found that two spring Victor Soft catch traps were faster (20.91, SD 0.72 ms) than four spring Bridger #5 traps (26.79, SD 0.48 ms) even when fitted with a Lethal Trap Device. Fitting a Lethal Trap Device to either of these trap models did not affect closure time and as such would not have any effect on capture efficacy.  相似文献   

Supplementary food for Neoseiulus californicus boosts biological control of Tetranychus urticae on strawberry     

Henry E Vacacela Ajila  Felipe Colares  Felipe Lemos  Pedro H Marques  Eliza C Franklin  Willian Santos do Vale  Eugênio E Oliveira  Madelaine Venzon  Angelo Pallini 《Pest management science》2019,75(7):1986-1992

  相似文献   

鱼蟹稻田飞虫捕食装置风光互补供能系统的研究     

宋秋红  王海洋  陈搴  宋依桐 《安徽农业大学学报》2020,47(4):674

针对鱼蟹稻田飞虫捕食装置的离网型户外供能需求的问题,着重研究该装置的供能系统方案。基于户外供能合理性要求,采用小型风力发电机和太阳能电池板自主互补发电来进行能源供应;对小型风力发电机和太阳能电池板分别进行Matlab/Simulink建模,着重对叶轮的风能利用系数、叶尖速比和桨距角的相关性进行量化分析,利用单因素分析法对太阳能电池板进行分析;在桨距角确定的条件下,适当取值叶尖速比,能够获得最大风能利用系数。同时,在不同温度和辐射的条件下,太阳能电池板能够取得功率曲线的峰值,为风光互补的最大功率获取提供理论上的支持。针对离网型风光互补系统能源的合理化利用,提出混合供能的能量管理策略,符合该装置的供能需求,对户外同类型装置供能设计提供一定的参考。  相似文献   

不同防治措施对花椰菜地节肢动物群落结构的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

曾粮斌  程毅  严准  马骏  任顺祥  魏林  薛召东 《中国农业科学》2016,49(15):2965-2976

【目的】明确不同防治措施对花椰菜地节肢动物群落特征的影响,为花椰菜地害虫防治和天敌保护利用提供理论依据。【方法】设置不施药对照区、生物农药防治区和化学农药防治区,按5点随机取样,记录植株和地面所有节肢动物的数量。在田间定点埋放盛有洗衣粉水溶液的玻璃瓶调查在地表活动的节肢动物种类及数量,根据调查结果分析不同防治措施下花椰菜地节肢动物群落特征的差异。【结果】在广州花椰菜地共调查到节肢动物87种,其中植食性害虫29种,捕食性天敌54种,中性昆虫4种。防治措施明显影响节肢动物群落的物种数及其数量。不施药对照区的捕食性天敌、植食性害虫和中性昆虫的数量均高于其他两种施药防治处理区,不同处理区节肢动物群落物种数及其个体数为不施药对照区生物农药防治区化学农药防治区。花椰菜地植食性昆虫功能类群的优势集中性以花椰菜苗期为最小,成熟期最大;捕食性天敌的优势集中性在不同防治区同样以苗期相对较小,而在不施药防治对照区花椰菜各生育期,其大小接近一致;在施药防治区,捕食性天敌的优势集中性表现出波动现象。在花椰菜不同生育期以及不同防治措施区节肢动物群落的优势种不同。整个生育期优势度指数0.1的有烟粉虱、桃蚜、小菜蛾、菜青虫、前凹狼蛛、拟环纹豹蛛和八斑鞘腹蛛。花椰菜地节肢动物群落多样性指数(H′)在不同防治区和花椰菜各生育期之间均呈现不同程度的差异,各指数之间的变化趋势相似。群落整体多样性指数随花椰菜生长而增大,至中后期达到最大,此结果与田间群落的发展动态相吻合,在不同防治区之间的多样性指数为不施药对照区生物农药防治区化学农药防治区。均匀度指数在不同生育期和防治处理区的变化程度相似。害虫亚群落多样性与群落整体多样性变化趋势相似,其多样性指数在花椰菜生长中后期达到最大。不同防治措施区之间的多样性指数为不施药对照区生物农药防治区化学农药防治区,其中以化学农药防治区花椰菜苗期为最小。均匀度在花椰菜苗期为最大,而后随花椰菜生长而减小。捕食性天敌亚群落多样性在花椰菜各个生育期和防治处理之间变化相对平稳。地表节肢动物的调查表明,两种药剂处理区所施药剂对地表节肢动物的杀伤较大。同时,从地表节肢动物数量和捕食性天敌的数量动态来看,地表中性昆虫对捕食性天敌前期的定殖有一定的作用。蜘蛛与植食性昆虫、中性昆虫以及捕食性昆虫具有极显著的相关性,捕食性昆虫与中性昆虫之间也具极显著的相关性,表明这些功能团之间在数量上具有较好的跟随效应。捕食性昆虫与植食性昆虫之间相关未能达到显著水平。【结论】药剂防治措施虽然能有效降低害虫的种群数量,但也使天敌数量相应减少。地表中性昆虫对捕食性天敌前期的定殖有一定的作用,药剂防治能影响花椰菜地节肢动物群落特征,生物农药对花椰菜地节肢动物群落影响小于化学农药。  相似文献   

捕虱管蓟马生物学的初步研究     

田明义  陈守坚 《中国生物防治》1991,(2)

捕虱管蓟马是柑桔盾蚧卵和幼蚧的重要捕食性天敌。在广州地区各虫态均可越冬。该虫常在隐蔽场所活动和取食。种群数量在5月上旬有一显著的高峰(22.1头/叶),此后虫口数量就逐渐下降。在室内(平均气温22～27℃)条件下,完成一个世代需35.4天,产卵量为22.2±6.5粒。雌雄性比平均为3:1。成虫寿命雌17.4±5.6天,雄7.4±4.2天。雌成虫在室内平均一天能捕食褐圆蚧雌虫3.3头,或糠片蚧8.4头。当食料缺乏时,有自相残杀的习性。  相似文献   

应用赤眼蜂蛹人工饲养尼氏钝绥螨的研究初报     

张良武  曹爱华 《中国生物防治》1993,(1)

本文首次报导应用赤眼蜂蛹作为替代食料人工饲养尼氏钝绥螨。日食蛹量,幼螨为0.18头,产卵前期成螨达1.18头,而产卵期成螨则为0.95头左右。在25℃饲养条件下,每雌产卵达45粒,卵历期48小时,孵化率近92％,幼螨存活率88％,成螨雌性占55％,雌成螨寿命25天。用赤眼蜂蛹连代饲养的尼氏钝绥螨在桔园释放,对柑桔全爪螨具有明显的控制作用。  相似文献   

氮肥对水稻叶冠层捕食性天敌种群及其自然控制能力的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

吕仲贤  俞晓平  K L Heong  胡萃 《植物保护学报》2006,33(3):225-229

为了公正地评价氮肥对整个稻田生态系统的影响，在国际水稻研究所试验场分别设立0、100和200kg／hm^2三个氮肥水平，测定了水稻主要特性参数和叶冠层捕食性天敌的种群动态，同时以果蝇蛹作为替代猎物的方法在田间模拟评价了叶冠层捕食性天敌对害虫的自然控制能力。结果表明，虽然施用200kg／hm^2氮肥稻田的稻株高度、叶面积和稻草干重显著比施用100kg／hm^2氮肥稻田的高，但每丛分蘖数和稻谷产量则没有明显差异。在水稻叶冠层中，肖蛸、圆蛛、黑肩绿盲蝽、稻红瓢虫和捕食性螅等为稻飞虱主要捕食性天敌。肖蛸在水稻孕穗期的数量最高，圆蛛的种群随水稻的生长而下降，但黑肩绿盲蝽、稻红瓢虫和捕食性螅的数量却均随水稻的生长而增加。施用氮肥后稻田中肖蛸和稻红瓢虫的种群数量显著减少。在水稻孕穗期，叶冠层上蜘蛛网的数量和蜘蛛网总面积均随氮肥施用量的提高而显著减少。在水稻孕穗期和乳熟期，不施用氮肥稻田中的捕食性天敌对替代猎物果蝇蛹的捕食能力显著高于其它两个施用氮肥的稻田中的捕食能力。而在乳熟期施用100kg／hm^2氮肥稻田的捕食能力又显著比施用200kg／hm^2氮肥稻田的高。结果说明过量施用氮肥可削弱天敌对害虫的自然控制作用。  相似文献