Evaluation of the use of midazolam as a co‐induction agent with ketamine for anaesthesia in sedated ponies undergoing field castration          下载免费PDF全文

A. Allison  R. Robinson  C. Jolliffe  P. M. Taylor 《Equine veterinary journal》2018,50(3):321-326

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Immobilization,cardiopulmonary and blood gas effects of ketamine–butorphanol–medetomidine versus butorphanol–midazolam–medetomidine in free-ranging serval (Leptailurus serval)     

《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2021,48(5):707-715

ObjectiveTo compare ketamine–butorphanol–medetomidine (KBM) with butorphanol–midazolam–medetomidine (BMM) immobilization of serval.Study designBlinded, randomized trial.AnimalsA total of 23 captures [KBM: five females, six males; 10.7 kg (mean); BMM: 10 females, two males; 9.6 kg].MethodsServal were cage trapped and immobilized using the assigned drug combination delivered via a blow dart into gluteal muscles. Prior to darting, a stress score was assigned (0: calm; to 3: markedly stressed). Drug combinations were dosed based on estimated body weights: 8.0, 0.4 and 0.08 mg kg^–1 for KBM and 0.4, 0.3 and 0.08 mg kg^–1 for BMM, respectively. Time to first handling, duration of anaesthesia and recovery times were recorded. Physiological variables including blood glucose and body temperature were recorded at 5 minute intervals. Atipamezole (5 mg mg^–1 medetomidine) and naltrexone (2 mg mg^–1 butorphanol) were administered intramuscularly prior to recovery. Data, presented as mean values, were analysed using general linear mixed model and Spearman’s correlation (stress score, glucose, temperature); significance was p < 0.05.ResultsDoses based on actual body weights were 8.7, 0.4 and 0.09 mg kg^–1 for KBM and 0.5, 0.4 and 0.09 mg kg^–1 for BMM, respectively. Time to first handling was 10.2 and 13.3 minutes for KBM and BMM, respectively (p = 0.033). Both combinations provided cardiovascular stability during anaesthesia that lasted a minimum of 35 minutes. Recovery was rapid and calm overall, but ataxia was noted in KBM. Stress score was strongly correlated to blood glucose (r² = 0.788; p = 0.001) and temperature (r² = 0.634; p = 0.015).Conclusions and clinical relevanceBoth combinations produced similar effective immobilization that was cardiovascularly stable in serval. Overall, BMM is recommended because it is fully antagonizable. A calm, quiet environment before drug administration is essential to avoid capture-induced hyperglycaemia and hyperthermia.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the analgesic effect of fentanyl–ketamine and fentanyl–lidocaine constant rate infusions in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy     

Alicia M. Skelding  Alexander Valverde  Greg Kilburn 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2021,48(3):407-414

ObjectiveTo evaluate anesthetic conditions and postoperative analgesia with the use of intraoperative constant rate infusions (CRIs) of fentanyl–lidocaine or fentanyl–ketamine in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded, clinical study.AnimalsA total of 32 client-owned dogs.MethodsDogs were premedicated with fentanyl (5 μg kg^–1) administered intravenously (IV), anesthesia was induced with IV alfaxalone and maintained with isoflurane. Fentanyl (0.083 μg kg^–1 minute^–1) was infused IV with either ketamine (0.5 mg kg^–1; then 40 μg kg^–1 minute^–1; group KF) or lidocaine (2 mg kg^–1; then 200 μg kg^–1 minute^–1; group LF) assigned randomly. Heart rate, noninvasive arterial pressures, respiratory rate, esophageal temperature, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and isoflurane concentration were recorded throughout anesthesia. Maintenance of anesthesia, recovery and postoperative pain (Glasgow Composite Pain Scale) were scored. Cardiopulmonary data were analyzed using a two-way anova with repeated measures, demographics of the two groups with a t test, and scores with Mann–Whitney U test, with p < 0.05.ResultsAll dogs recovered from anesthesia without complications. No significant difference was found between groups for cardiopulmonary variables, total anesthesia time, sedation score and requirement for postoperative sedation or for rescue analgesia. Anesthetic maintenance score was of lower quality in KF than in LF [median (interquartile range): 0 (0–0.5) versus 0 (0–0); p = 0.032)], but still considered ideal. Recovery score was higher and indicative of less sedation in LF than in KF [1 (1–1.5) versus 0.5 (0–1); p < 0.0001]. Pain score was higher in KF than in LF [2 (1–3) versus 1 (1–2); p = 0.0009].Conclusions and clinical relevanceBoth CRIs of KF and LF provided adequate anesthetic conditions in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy. Based on requirement for rescue analgesia, postoperative analgesia was adequate in both groups.  相似文献   

Effect of anesthetic induction with propofol,alfaxalone or ketamine on intraocular pressure in cats: a randomized masked clinical investigation     

《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2023,50(1):63-71

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of propofol, alfaxalone and ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in cats.Study designProspective, masked, randomized clinical trial.AnimalsA total of 43 ophthalmologically normal cats scheduled to undergo general anesthesia for various procedures.MethodsFollowing baseline IOP measurements using applanation tonometry, anesthesia was induced with propofol (n = 15), alfaxalone (n = 14) or ketamine (n = 14) administered intravenously to effect. Then, midazolam (0.3 mg kg^?1) was administered intravenously and endotracheal intubation was performed without application of topical anesthesia. The IOP was measured following each intervention. Data was analyzed using one-way anova and repeated-measures mixed design with post hoc analysis. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.ResultsMean ± standard error IOP at baseline was not different among groups (propofol, 18 ± 0.6; alfaxalone, 18 ± 0.7; ketamine, 17 ± 0.5 mmHg). Following induction of anesthesia, IOP increased significantly compared with baseline in the propofol (20 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the alfaxalone (19 ± 0.8 mmHg) or ketamine (16 ± 0.7 mmHg) groups. Midazolam administration resulted in significant decrease from the previous measurement in the alfaxalone group (16 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the propofol group (19 ± 0.7 mmHg) or the ketamine (16 ± 0.8 mmHg) group. A further decrease was measured after intubation in the alfaxalone group (15 ± 0.9 mmHg).Conclusions and clinical relevancePropofol should be used with caution in cats predisposed to perforation or glaucoma, as any increase in IOP should be avoided.  相似文献   

Pain management in horses and farm animals     

Alexander Valverde  DVM  DVSc  DACVA    Cornelia I. Gunkel  Dr. med. vet.  MRCVS 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2005,15(4):295-307

Objective: This review discusses the different analgesic drugs and routes of administration used in large animals for acute pain management. General guidelines and doses are given to assist in choosing techniques that provide effective analgesia. Etiology: Noxious stimuli are perceived, recognized, and localized by specialized sensory systems located at spinal and supraspinal levels. Diagnosis: Localizing the source of the noxious stimulus as well as understanding the behavioral aspects and physiological changes that result from such insult is important to adequately diagnose and treat pain. Pain assessment is far from being definite and objective; not only are there species differences, but also individual variation. In addition, the behavioral and physiological manifestations vary with the acute or chronic nature of pain. Therapy: Pain management should include (1) selecting drugs that better control the type of pain elicited by the insult; (2) selecting techniques of analgesic drug administration that act on pathways or anatomical locations where the nociceptive information is being processed or originating from; (3) combining analgesic drugs that act on different pain pathways; and (4) provide the best possible comfort for the animal. Prognosis: Providing pain relief improves the animal's well being and outcome; however, interpreting and diagnosing pain remains difficult. Continuing research in pain management will contribute to the evaluation of the pathophysiology of pain, pain assessment, and newer analgesic drugs and techniques.  相似文献   

Evaluation of different doses of propofol in xylazine pre-medicated horses     

Frias AF  Mársico F  Gómez de Segura IA  Nascimento PR  Nascimento A  Soares JH  Almosny NR 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(4):193-201

Objective To characterize responses to different doses of propofol in horses pre‐medicated with xylazine. Animals Six adult horses (five females and one male). Methods Each horse was anaesthetized four times with either ketamine or propofol in random order at 1‐week intervals. Horses were pre‐medicated with xylazine (1.1 mg kg^?1 IV over a minute), and 5 minutes later anaesthesia was induced with either ketamine (2.2 mg kg^?1 IV) or propofol (1, 2 and 4 mg kg^?1 IV; low, medium and high doses, respectively). Data were collected continuously (electrocardiogram) or after xylazine administration and at 5, 10 and 15 minutes after anaesthetic induction (arterial pressure, respiratory rate, pH, PaO₂, PaCO₂ and O₂ saturation). Anaesthetic induction and recovery were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. Results Differences in the quality of anaesthesia were observed; the low dose of propofol resulted in a poorer anaesthetic induction that was insufficient to allow intubation, whereas the high dose produced an excellent quality of induction, free of excitement. Recorded anaesthesia times were similar between propofol at 2 mg kg^?1 and ketamine with prolonged and shorter recovery times after the high and low dose of propofol, respectively (p < 0.05; ketamine, 38 ± 7 minutes; propofol 1 mg kg^?1, 29 ± 4 minutes; propofol 2 mg kg^?1, 37 ± 5 minutes; propofol 4 mg kg^?1, 50 ± 7 minutes). Times to regain sternal and standing position were longest with the highest dose of propofol (32 ± 5 and 39 ± 7 minutes, respectively). Both ketamine and propofol reversed bradycardia, sinoatrial, and atrioventricular blocks produced by xylazine. There were no significant alterations in blood pressure but respiratory rate, and PaO₂ and O₂ saturation were significantly decreased in all groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion The anaesthetic quality produced by the three propofol doses varied; the most desirable effects, which were comparable to those of ketamine, were produced by 2 mg kg^?1 propofol.  相似文献   

Influence of ketamine or xylazine supplementation on isoflurane anaesthetized horses‐ a controlled clinical trial          下载免费PDF全文

Nina Pöppel  Klaus Hopster  Florian Geburek  Sabine Kästner 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2015,42(1):30-38

ObjectivesTo determine the influence of ketamine or xylazine constant rate infusions on isoflurane requirements, cardiovascular parameters and quality of anaesthesia in horses undergoing elective surgery.Study designProspective, matched paired clinical trial.AnimalsFifty four adult Warmblood horses.MethodsAfter premedication with acepromazine, xylazine and butorphanol, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine-midazolam and maintained with isoflurane alone (I), isoflurane with either 1 mg kg⁻¹ hour⁻¹ ketamine (IK) or same dose of xylazine (IX). End tidal concentration of isoflurane (Fe’Iso) was adjusted by the same anaesthetist in all horses according to a scoring system. Dobutamine was infused to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) =70 mmHg. Arterial blood gases, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, MAP and cardiac output (lithium dilution) were measured. Groups I and IK received xylazine before recovery. Recovery quality was scored.ResultsMean ± SD averaged Fe’Iso (volume%) was significantly lower in IX (0.95 ± 0.07) and IK (0.97 ± 0.08) than in I (1.16 ± 0.13). In group IX, HR was significantly lower and averaged MAP (90 ± 13 mmHg) significantly higher than in groups I (71 ± 7 mmHg) and IK (76 ± 7 mm Hg). Differences in other cardiopulmonary variables did not reach statistical significance. All horses recovered well with best score in group IX.ConclusionsBoth CRIs of xylazine and of ketamine resulted in pronounced reduction of isoflurane requirements and blood pressure support based on routinely monitored parameters. Cardiac output appeared well maintained in all three protocols, but lithium dilution induced errors mean the results are untrustworthy. The work requires repetition with another mode of measurement of cardiac output.Clinical relevanceAll three protocols provided good clinical anaesthesia with clinically acceptable cardiovascular effects.  相似文献   

Effects of Epidural Ketamine–Xylazine Combination on the Clinicophysiological and Haematobiochemical Parameters of Uraemic and Healthy Goats     

Singh K  Kinjavdekar P  Amarpal  Aithal HP  Gopinathan A  Singh GR  Pawde AM  Pratap K 《Veterinary research communications》2007,31(2):133-142

Xylazine–ketamine combination was evaluated for its efficacy and safety after epidural administration in uraemic and healthy goats. The combination (xylazine 0.025 mg/kg and ketamine 2.5 mg/kg) was administered to uraemic (n = 6) and healthy (n = 6) animals in the lumbosacral epidural space. The combination was evaluated in terms of clinical, physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters. The onset of analgesia was faster in healthy animals than in uraemic animals. Xylazine and ketamine produced complete analgesia of tail, perineum, inguinal and thigh regions in all animals of both groups. However, healthy animals showed longer duration of complete analgesia than did uraemic animals. Greater ataxia was recorded in healthy animals than in uraemic animals. The heart rate showed a significant decrease in both groups; however, respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not show any significant changes. Haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total leukocyte count decreased non-significantly in both groups. Total leukocyte count was significantly higher in uraemic animals. A significantly higher value of urea nitrogen and creatinine was recorded in uraemic animals. The blood electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻) and blood gases (P o ₂ and P co ₂) did not show any significant changes in both groups; however, base excess was significantly higher in uraemic animals. The effects produced by the combination on different systems were transient and values normal as the effect of the drugs wore off. The results suggest that the combination when used epidurally in uraemic goats produced effective and safe surgical analgesia.  相似文献   

脱落酸(Abscisic acid, ABA)对映异构体的生物活性比较   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

沈嘉祥  丹羽利夫 《云南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》1994,9(4):207-212

 采用新方法精制脱落酸(ABA)异构体试样,改变以往靠光学离析法分离racemic型(SR)-(±)-ABA,提高了(S)-(+)-ABA与(R)-(-)-ABA两镜像体纯度。抑制生长试验和残留量分析结果表明:天然型(S)-(+)-ABA活性,显着高于非天然型(R)-(-)-ABA或(SR)-(±)-ABA活性。抑制莴苣种子发芽50%的活性强度(S)-(+)-ABA约是(R)-(-)-ABA的5倍,(SR)-(±)-ABA介于二者之间。抑制萝卜下胚轴生长试验,最显着有效期2～6天,(6天后差异渐小,8日甚微),生理作用期约为一周,(S)-(+)-ABA活性是(R)-(-)-ABA的3.6倍。差异原因可能是两异构体分子立体结构不同所致。  相似文献   

Comparison of ketamine and alfaxalone for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing castration     

Klöppel H  Leece EA 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2011,38(1):37-43

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