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1.
[摘要〕目的通过对消疲散散剂、水提物与醇提物的体外透皮试验研究,比较不同提取工艺的经皮渗透特性,为
剂型设计、药理、毒理试验及临床研究提供依据〔方法以有效成分大黄素累积透皮百分率为测定指标,高效液相色谱
法定量,用改良的Franz扩散池及离体兔皮进行体外透皮实验,比较该方散剂及水提物与醇提物透皮速度、透皮百分
率与皮肤储量的差别、结果透皮速度由快至慢、皮肤储量由高到低,散剂、透皮总量由多至少依次为:醇提物>水提
物>散剂、结论醇提物透皮速度最快.皮肤储量最多.透皮总量最多、 相似文献
2.
Alexander Valverde DVM DVSc DACVA Cornelia I. Gunkel Dr. med. vet. MRCVS 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2005,15(4):295-307
Objective: This review discusses the different analgesic drugs and routes of administration used in large animals for acute pain management. General guidelines and doses are given to assist in choosing techniques that provide effective analgesia. Etiology: Noxious stimuli are perceived, recognized, and localized by specialized sensory systems located at spinal and supraspinal levels. Diagnosis: Localizing the source of the noxious stimulus as well as understanding the behavioral aspects and physiological changes that result from such insult is important to adequately diagnose and treat pain. Pain assessment is far from being definite and objective; not only are there species differences, but also individual variation. In addition, the behavioral and physiological manifestations vary with the acute or chronic nature of pain. Therapy: Pain management should include (1) selecting drugs that better control the type of pain elicited by the insult; (2) selecting techniques of analgesic drug administration that act on pathways or anatomical locations where the nociceptive information is being processed or originating from; (3) combining analgesic drugs that act on different pain pathways; and (4) provide the best possible comfort for the animal. Prognosis: Providing pain relief improves the animal's well being and outcome; however, interpreting and diagnosing pain remains difficult. Continuing research in pain management will contribute to the evaluation of the pathophysiology of pain, pain assessment, and newer analgesic drugs and techniques. 相似文献
3.
Plasma fentanyl concentrations in awake cats and cats undergoing anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy using transdermal administration 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Objective To measure the plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved over time with transdermal fentanyl patches in awake cats and cats undergoing anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy. Study design Randomized prospective experimental study. Animals Twenty‐four purpose‐bred cats. Methods Cats were randomly assigned to three groups for Part I of a larger concurrent study. Group P received only a 25 μg hour?1 transdermal fentanyl patch. Group P/A received the patch and anesthesia. Group A received only anesthesia. After a minimum 1‐week washout period, the cats were randomly reassigned to two groups for Part II of the larger study. Group P/A/O received the patch, anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy. Group A/O received anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy. Patches were left in place for 72 hours and plasma samples were obtained for fentanyl analysis while the patches were in place, and for 8 hours after patch removal for cats in Group P, P/A, and P/A/O. Results The 25 μg hour?1 transdermal fentanyl patches were well tolerated by the cats in this study (mean body weight of 3.0 kg) and no overt adverse effects were noted. Mean plasma fentanyl concentrations over time, mean plasma fentanyl concentrations at specific times (8, 25, 49, and 73 hours after patch placement), time to first detectable plasma fentanyl concentration, time to reach maximum plasma fentanyl concentration, maximum plasma fentanyl concentration, mean plasma fentanyl concentration from 8 to 73 hours, elimination half‐life, and total area under concentration (AUC) were not statistically different among the groups. Conclusions Halothane anesthesia and anesthesia/ovariohysterectomy did not significantly alter the plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved or pharmacokinetic parameters measured, when compared with awake cats. There was a high degree of individual variability observed both within and between groups of cats in parameters measured. Clinical significance The high degree of variability observed suggests that careful observation of cats with fentanyl patches in place is required to assess efficacy and any potential adverse effects. Anesthesia and anesthesia/ovariohysterectomy do not appear to alter plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved by placement of a 25 μg hour?1 transdermal fentanyl patch when compared to cats not undergoing these procedures. 相似文献
4.
本文报道新型高效皮肤渗透促进剂氮酮(Azone)对右旋糖酐铁的透皮吸收促进作用及其对防治仔猪缺铁性贫血的意义. 相似文献
5.
通过绘制伪三元相图优选处方,应用相转变法制备乙酰甲喹微乳,在透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)下考察其形态,用Zetasizer Nano ZS分析仪以光子关联能谱法(photon correlation spectroscopy,PCS)测定其粒径和多分散系数(polydispersity index,PDI),并用上述仪器测定其zeta电位,通过恒温加速试验评价其稳定性,并研究其在小鼠皮肤上的体外经皮释药效果。结果显示:在所考察的油相中,肉桂醛对乙酰甲喹的溶解度最大,聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油(RH40)为最佳表面活性剂,用二者制备的乙酰甲喹微乳为黄色的澄清透明液体,流动性好;电镜观察微乳滴呈球形,纳米粒度仪测定其平均粒径为(13.9±0.3)nm,PDI为0.060±0.005;在25℃时,稀释5倍后的乙酰甲喹微乳的平均pH值为5.1±0.2,对应的平均zeta电位为(9.4±0.4)mV;高速离心、常温及低温下稳定,高温下颜色由黄色变为红色,但无药物析出,说明乙酰甲喹微乳符合微乳制剂的要求且稳定性较好;乙酰甲喹微乳配方中无氮酮和氮酮含量为2%及5%的表观透皮系数(Kp×10-3)分别为(12.701±0.012),(12.207±0.021)及(10.796±0.065)cm.h-1,而乙酰甲喹水溶液的表观透皮系数(Kp×10-3)是(4.908±0.034)cm.h-1,说明乙酰甲喹微乳的透皮效果优于其水溶液,且差异显著(P<0.01),其配方中无需透皮促进剂氮酮。 相似文献
6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of two doses of fentanyl, administered transdermally, on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. ANIMALS: Five healthy, spayed, female cats. METHODS: Each cat was studied thrice with at least 2 weeks between each study. In study 1, the baseline isoflurane MAC was determined in triplicate for each cat. In studies 2 and 3, isoflurane MAC was determined 24 hours after placement of either a 25 or 50 microg hour(-1) fentanyl patch. In each MAC study, cats were instrumented to allow collection of arterial blood and measurement of arterial blood pressure. Twenty-four hours prior to studies 2 and 3, a catheter was placed and secured in the jugular vein and either a 25 or 50 microg hour(-1) fentanyl patch was placed in random order on the left thorax. Blood samples for plasma fentanyl determination were collected prior to patch placement and at regular intervals up to 144 hours. After determination of MAC in studies 2 and 3, naloxone was administered as a bolus dose (0.1 mg kg(-1)) followed by an infusion (1 mg kg(-1) hour(-1)) and MAC redetermined. RESULTS: The baseline isoflurane MAC was 1.51 +/- 0.21% (mean +/- SD). Fentanyl (25 and 50 micro g hour(-1)) administered transdermally significantly reduced MAC to 1.25 +/- 0.26 and 1.22 +/- 0.16%, respectively. These MAC reductions were not significantly different from each other. Isoflurane MAC determined during administration of fentanyl 25 micro g hour(-1) and naloxone (1.44 +/- 0.16%) and fentanyl 50 micro g hour(-1) and naloxone (1.51 +/- 0.19%) was not significantly different from baseline MAC (1.51 +/- 0.21%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Fentanyl patches are placed to provide long-lasting analgesia. In order to be effective postoperatively, fentanyl patches must be placed prior to surgery. Plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved intraoperatively decrease the need for potent inhalant anesthetics in cats. 相似文献
7.
Melinda Poole Jessica M. Quimby Tianhua Hu Daizie Labelle William Buhles 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2019,42(2):179-188
Mirtazapine is classified as a weight gain drug in cats, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate its efficacy in cats experiencing unintended weight loss. This was a multi‐center, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical study in client‐owned cats ≥1 year of age, weighing ≥2 kg, with a documented loss (≥5%) in body weight. Cats were treated once daily with either 2 mg/cat mirtazapine transdermal ointment (n = 83) or placebo (n = 94) (Per Protocol population) applied to the inner surface of the pinna for 14 ± 3 days. Physical examination, body weight, complete blood count, serum chemistry, and urinalysis were performed prior to treatment and on Day 14. Changes in body weight between the mirtazapine and placebo groups were evaluated from Day 1 to Day 14 and compared using a two‐sample t test. The mean percent change in body weight was +3.9% (standard deviation ±5.4%) in the mirtazapine group and +0.4% (±3.3%) in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). The most common adverse event was mild erythema at the application site in 17.4% of placebo and 10.4% of mirtazapine‐treated cats. Application of mirtazapine transdermal ointment was well tolerated both topically and systemically and resulted in significant weight gain in cats experiencing unintended weight loss associated with various underlying diseases. 相似文献
8.
伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本试验研制伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂,并对其理化性能、稳定性、体外药物释放及透皮性能进行评价。采用三元相图筛选不同载药量的纳米乳,确定最佳载药量;采用响应面优化设计筛选纳米乳处方,考察了伊维菌素纳米乳的平均粒径、电位、形态、pH、黏度等性能;分别采用透析袋法和Franz扩散池法比较伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂与市售伊维菌素皮肤涂剂的体外释放行为和透皮性能。结果显示,载药量为2.00%时,纳米乳区域最大、最稳定;获得的优选处方为聚氧乙烯蓖麻油 :二乙二醇单乙基醚 :油酸乙酯 :伊维菌素 :水=26 :12 :7: 2: 53;所得伊维菌素纳米乳的平均粒径为18 nm;伊维菌素纳米乳在室温条件和4 ℃冰箱中保存1年仍稳定;其24 h皮肤累积渗透量和滞留量分别是市售伊维菌素皮肤涂剂的3.24和2.05倍。研究结果表明,研制的新型伊维菌素纳米乳透皮制剂具有制备工艺简便、稳定性好、透皮性能好等优点,具有很好的应用前景。 相似文献
9.
〔摘要〕目的研究盐酸青藤碱的透皮吸收及离子导入方法对透皮吸收的影响、方法采用家兔离体皮肤及
Franz扩散池进行体外透皮试验,并以电子治疗仪作为外加电场进行离子导入,观测盐酸青藤碱注射液的透皮渗透
率,并比较外加电场对其透皮渗透量的影响、结果盐酸青藤碱的透皮量随着时间的延长而增加,符合零级动力学
方程( R==0.952 1)、外加电场可增加其透皮吸收量,其中以电场强度20 mA、通电时间15 min的透皮量较为I}想、
结论盐酸青藤碱注射液可透皮吸收,电场导入对其透皮吸收有一定的促进作用、木研究为临床中以盐酸青藤碱注
射液进行离子导入的治疗方法提供了实验依据、 相似文献
10.
Suzanne Osorio Lujan Walid Habre Youssef Daali Zhaoxin Pan Peter W. Kronen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):665-675