从土地覆盖变化看塔里木河中下游天然草地的退化     

徐海量  宋郁东  陈亚宁 《中国草地学报》2003,25(4):21-24

通过GIS技术和1990～2000年的TM影像图,分析了塔里木河中下游近10年的土地覆盖动态变化,结果显示:在塔里木河中下游地区,天然草地退化严重,高、中覆盖草地大幅减少,低覆盖草地的数量虽然增加但主要是流域河岸胡杨林群落退化后向荒漠灌丛草地演化的结果;而在自然环境更加恶劣的塔里木河下游地区,随着断流和地下水位的下降,天然草地正在向裸地和沙地演变。通过分析,提出了恢复塔里木河中下游天然草地的治理建议。  相似文献   

Stereoselective degradation of ethofumesate in turfgrass and soil   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ping Wang 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2005,82(3):197-204

The stereoselective degradation of ethofumesate in turfgrasses and several agricultural soils was investigated to provide details of the fate of this chiral herbicide. Racemic ethofumesate was either foliar applied to two species of turfgrass or fortified into four types of agricultural soils. (+)- and (−)-Enantiomers were extracted and analyzed by a validated chiral HPLC method which involved extraction of samples with organic solvent followed by separation on cellulose-Tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral column and quantification by UV absorbance at 230 nm. Mean recoveries of each enantiomer fortified at 0.5, 5, and 10 μg g⁻¹ ranged from 82.3 ± 5.84 to 92.5 ± 2.87% in turfgrasses and from 86.0 ± 5.09 to 98.1 ± 2.51% in soil. As a measure of this composition, the enantiomeric ratio (ER) was used, defined as the concentration ratio of (+)/(−)-enantiomer. Similarly, preferential degradation of the (−)-enantiomer was observed in both grass species with the largest ER of about 3 and in one of the test soil with ER = 1.65, resulting in residues enriched with (+)-enantiomer. This stereoselective degradation in this soil led to significant difference on half-lives between the two enantiomers. No stereoselective degradation was observed in other soils.  相似文献   

Advances in Biodegradation of Aflatoxins     

Yi WANG  Chunxia ZHAO  Yucai LYU  Wei CHENG  Peng GUO 《农业科学与技术》2016,(4):951-955

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. They are one of the contaminants most common in food and feed, with high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Aflatoxins usually enter animal body together with feed and then enter human body by food chain, thereby seriously threatening human health. In recent years, the degradation of aflatoxins has become a hot research topic. This study overviewed the characteristics and detoxification ways of aflatoxins, specifically for the advances in biodegradation and degradation products of aflatoxins.  相似文献   

An experimental study of charcoal degradation in a boreal forest     

《Soil biology & biochemistry》2013

Degradation rates of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) under natural environmental conditions are largely unknown. Here we present results from a field experiment monitoring the change in mass, C- and N concentrations of a variety of charcoal types in a Norwegian boreal forest over a period of 20 months. The charcoal types represent different feedstock tree species, production temperature regimes, and placements in the forest, i.e. above ground, in the humus layer or in contact with the mineral subsoil. The types of charcoal had different initial C concentrations mainly depending on their production temperature. Nevertheless, all types of charcoal at all placements in the forest showed an initial drop in their C concentrations, which subsequently rose back to reach near initial values in part of the charcoal types. In part of the charcoal types, N concentrations decreased throughout the experiment, exhibiting considerable variation among feedstock species, production temperature regime, and placements in the forest. C/N ratios rose especially in charcoal made from wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and charcoal that had been stored in contact with the mineral subsoil showed the most rapid mass gain. Our results confirm the important influence of production temperature and feedstock type on the degradation of charcoal, but they also show that microbial activity and environmental conditions play significant roles in charcoal degradation and thus for the fate of pyrogenic carbon under natural conditions.  相似文献   

土壤中木质素的研究进展   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

刘宁  何红波  解宏图  张旭东 《土壤通报》2011,(4)

木质素是地球上最丰富的芳香族化合物,是土壤中非常稳定的有机组分,也是影响土壤有机碳循环的重要物质,因此,研究木质素在农田土壤中的积累对于土壤碳素的循环过程以及土壤有机碳的截获具有十分重要的意义。本文对土壤中木质素的分类和来源、测定及表征方法进行了综合介绍,并着重评述了木质素对于土壤有机碳循环的贡献、在土壤中的保持机制及影响木质素在土壤中降解和积累特性的因素,以期为我国开展土壤木质素的相关研究提供理论参考。  相似文献   

土壤中磺胺类抗生素的检测方法优化及残留、降解研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

国彬  姚丽贤  何兆桓  周昌敏  李国良  杨苞梅  黄连喜 《土壤通报》2012,(2):386-390

优化了磺胺甲基嘧啶(SM1)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶(SMT)、磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)4种磺胺类抗生素的高效液相色谱(H PLC)检测方法,分析了广州市养殖场周边土壤中磺胺类抗生素的残留特征,并进行了2种磺胺类抗生素的土壤降解试验。结果表明,4种磺胺类抗生素分别在0.10~10μg ml-1范围内线性良好,相关系数R>0.99。确定了最佳提取液为甲醇:含EDTA的Mcllvain缓冲液=1∶1(V/V),4种磺胺类药物的检测限与回收率分别为2.9~4.7μg kg-1、83.6%～90.1%。广州市18个规模化养殖场周边土壤中磺胺类抗生素污染以SM2为主,含量为1.75μgkg-1,其它3种均未被检出。土壤中磺胺类抗生素的含量总体呈随培养时间而不断下降的趋势,SMZ的降解速率大于SM2。  相似文献   

植物–微生物联合对土壤不同粒径组分中 PAHs 的修复作用     

周妍  滕应  姚伦芳  任文杰  丁克强  李振高  刘方  骆永明  朱烨 《土壤》2015,47(4):711-718

采用温室盆栽试验,在种植紫花苜蓿的同时,分别施加木霉菌剂、根瘤菌菌剂以及木霉与根瘤菌复合菌剂,并采用离心分级法将处理后土壤分为4个粒径团聚体,即细黏粒(0.1~1μm)、粗黏粒(1~5μm)、粉粒(5~50μm)以及细砂粒(50~250μm),分析了植物–微生物联合作用对不同粒径土壤中PAHs的去除效应。研究结果表明:紫花苜蓿–根瘤菌联合作用对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果最优,其降解率达60%以上。不同粒径组分中PAHs含量的分布表现为细砂粒粉粒粗黏粒细黏粒,且PAHs在不同粒径团聚体中去除率差异性较大。低环(2、3环)PAHs在各粒径组分中去除率较低(20%以下),并在不同粒径组分间呈非均衡分配状态;4环PAHs的去除主要集中在粉粒和细砂粒中,而5环PAHs的去除主要发生在细黏粒上。可见,PAHs在土壤不同粒径组分中分布特征及降解效应为进一步阐明PAHs污染土壤的生物修复机制提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

生物修复石油污染土壤研究现状   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张泽霆  陈英  陈东  顾强  董炎青 《土壤通报》2019,(1):246-252

石油污染土壤的生物修复方法具有操作简便、费用低、对周围环境污染小、修复效率高等优点,应用前景广阔。从石油污染土壤生物修复过程中修复生物的选择、修复条件的优化、修复效果的评价等方面对近年来生物修复技术的研究进展进行了综述。为推动该方法的广泛应用,还应深入探究降解微生物之间的拮抗和协同机制、进一步降低修复成本、进一步完善修复评价标准,加强重石油污染土壤和特殊环境下石油污染土壤的治理研究,开展复合污染(如石油污染和重金属污染)土壤的修复研究。  相似文献   

果胶酶降解壳聚糖工艺优化及特性动态变化分析     

李和生  孙玉喜  王鸿飞 《农业机械学报》2006,37(1):83-86

通过正交试验对果胶酶水解壳聚糖的工艺进行优化，并对降解过程中粘度、还原糖生成量、平均分子量等指标的动态变化进行研究。结果表明，果胶酶在50℃、pH值4．5、酶用量与壳聚糖质量之比为3、壳聚糖脱乙酰度为80％时对壳聚糖降解效果最佳，其中底物脱乙酰度对酶解效果影响极显著。在最适条件下，果胶酶对壳聚糖水解约1h，可控制产物平均分子量在2500左右。果胶酶降解壳聚糖的起始速度非常快，反应30min后粘度下降基本平稳；水解反应进行135min后，产物还原糖生成量逐渐趋于平稳。  相似文献   

油液污染颗粒引起的齿轮泵劣化失效研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘勇  马彪  张赛飞  颜煜 《农业机械学报》2015,46(2):316-321,327

综合传动系统油液污染度较高,污染颗粒磨损极易引发齿轮泵流量劣化。基于齿轮泵流量劣化机理,从颗粒破碎的微观角度建立了端面间隙泄漏通道的污染颗粒破碎模型,确定了颗粒破碎常数与泄漏因子的取值。在此基础上推导齿轮泵流量劣化模型,建立了污染颗粒质量与磨损参数的线性关系,并分析了污染颗粒浓度、齿轮泵结构参数等影响因素。试验验证结果表明,齿轮泵流量劣化模型能较好地解释颗粒破碎、磨屑生成等污染磨损过程,并从理论角度提出齿轮泵污染耐受度的估算方法。该模型对于综合传动液压润滑系统设计与污染控制研究有重要的实用价值。  相似文献