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1.
《African Zoology》2013,48(2):295-299
Seed removal from bait stations was studied in miombo habitat in western Zimbabwe. Previous studies of seed predation in southern Africa have largely been conducted in desert ecosystems. However, this woodland-savanna habitat is more mesic and has relatively predictable rainfall patterns. The experiment was conducted in grassy and woody microhabitats in the hot, dry season and early wet season, and followed a year in which precipitation was 69 % of the long-term average. Birds removed the greatest quantity of seeds, followed by ants and then rodents. Previous studies in northern hemisphere mesic environments emphasize the importance of rodents and minor role of invertebrates in seed predation. Although our site appears to have more in common with southern hemisphere desert sites than with northern hemisphere mesic sites, we recognize that our results are likely to reflect a lower limit of consumption by rodents. 相似文献
2.
Habitat fragmentation in an urban environment: large and small fragments support different arthropod assemblages 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We investigated the effects of fragmentation due to urbanisation on the species composition and functional roles of ants, beetles, spiders, flies and wasps. The study was conducted in 21 fragments of heath and woodland in south-eastern Australia classed as either ‘small’ (? 4 km2) or ‘large’ (? 80 km2). Arthropods were pitfall-trapped and identified to family or genus and morphospecies and microhabitat characteristics were recorded. Large fragments did not support more species per unit area than small fragments for most arthropods, although there were more species of ants per sampling unit in small than large woodland fragments, mainly due to a higher frequency of generalist species in smaller fragments. Large and small habitat fragments contained different assemblages of spiders, wasps and ants, indicating that predators and parasitoids are affected more strongly than other trophic groups. Arthropod assemblages within larger fragments where grids were furthest apart were less similar than those within smaller fragments where grids were closer together in woodland, but not in heath. The responses of arthropods to fragmentation suggest that, in addition to effects of reduced area and proximity to the urban matrix, changes in fire regimes and the degradation of habitats resulting from urbanisation, may have a role in altering arthropod assemblages, particularly affecting those species belonging to higher trophic levels. Management goals for urban remnants should identify mechanisms for controlling fire and anthropogenic disturbance such that they closely resemble the levels of these factors in larger fragments. 相似文献
3.
河南省济源国家猕猴自然保护区蚂蚁资源调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对河南济源国家猕猴自然保护区蚂蚁资源进行了调查,结果表明,共有5亚科17属31种,优势种为日本弓背蚁,并对其应用前景进行了综述. 相似文献
4.
In arid areas of North America, nests of the seed-harvesting ant Pogonomyrmex rugosus tend to be elevated in mineral nitrogen and other soil nutrients relative to other microhabitats. We investigated the roles of decomposition, N mineralization, and plant nutrient uptake in maintaining high standing stocks of nutrients in P. rugosus ant nests. Decomposition rates of standard cellulose substrates placed on the surface of ant nests and other desert microhabitats suggest that conditions found in ant nests and bare areas are conducive to higher rates of decomposition than conditions under shrubs. In laboratory incubations of moist soil, net N mineralization rates were significantly higher in soil from ant nests than from bare areas and under two of three plant species. Net N mineralization rates measured in situ were much lower than those measured in laboratory incubations, but ant nest soil still exhibited higher rates at one of two sites. Litter collected from ant mounds, composed chiefly of seed chaff, was similar in N content to litter collected from underneath the dominant plant species, but had a significantly higher mean δ15N. Using this distinctive isotope signature as a tracer, we found no evidence that large perennial shrubs tap ant nests as a source of N. An invasive, annual grass species was significantly enriched in 15N, had higher leaf %N, and produced more seeds when growing on the mound than when growing several meters away; however P. rugosus nest surfaces are typically free of such annuals. We conclude that both high rates of nutrient cycling relative to other Mojave Desert microhabitats and low N utilization by the surrounding vegetation contribute to high standing stocks of mineral N in P. rugosus nests. 相似文献
5.
苏北农林生境蚂蚁多样性及群落结构研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过诱捕法和样方调查法获得苏北地区农林生境蚂蚁4亚科11属14种。优势种为铺道蚁（Tetramorium cae-spitum）、针毛收获蚁（Messor aciculatus）、中华小家蚁（Monomorium chinense）和日本弓背蚁（Camponotus japonicus）。从生境分布来看,前2种亦是研究区域的广布种。根据调查数据分析了该地区7种农林生境中蚂蚁群落的结构及多样性特征,以及人为干扰和生境异质性对蚂蚁群落的影响。结果表明：7种生境中蚂蚁群落种类组成和多样性等指标均不相同。山地针叶阔叶林中蚂蚁群落种类数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）最高;蔬菜果园农田蚂蚁群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）最低。人类干扰越强的生境,蚂蚁群落多样性指数越低;生境质量和异质性越高的生境,蚂蚁群落多样性指数越高。PCA分析可将这7种生境蚂蚁群落分为3大类型。相关分析与群落结构PCA分析结果基本一致。 相似文献
6.
We explored the ways in which environmental variation at multiple spatial scales influences the organization of ant species
into local communities. Ground-dwelling ants were sampled in sandhill habitat at 33 locations throughout northern Florida,
USA. Variance partitioning of local, landscape, and regional datasets using partial redundancy analysis indicates that ant
community composition is significantly influenced by environmental variability across all scales of analysis. Habitat generalists
appear to replace habitat specialists at sites with high proportions of matrix habitat in the surrounding landscape. Conversely,
habitat specialists appear to replace habitat generalists at sites with more sandhill habitat in the surrounding landscape
and greater amounts of bare ground locally. Local niche differentiation leading to species-sorting, combined with the effects
of spatially structured dispersal dynamics at landscape scales, may explain this pattern of community structure. Regional
influences on local ant communities were correlated with geographical and environmental gradients at distinct regional scales.
Therefore, local ant communities appear to be simultaneously structured by different processes that occur at separate spatial
scales: local, landscape, and regional scales defined by spatial extent. Our results illustrate the importance of considering
multiscale influences on patterns of organization in ecological communities.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
7.
AbstractNative ants are the oldest example of biological control agents used in tropical tree crops. Unfortunately, intensification of agricultural practices has led to a simplification of habitat and subsequent loss of native ant biodiversity. This article describes research that evaluated the native and introduced ants present in the canopies of two Australian sun coffee plantations, their distribution pattern and their potential to limit pests. The presence in coffee plantations of a range of beneficial insects and parasites, plus the effect of ants, most notably Iridomyrmex suchieri Forel, may maintain potential pests at low levels in coffee plantations. These effects may be important for future biological control programs of coffee pests in Australia, although the sun coffee grown here does not harbor a large variety of canopy ant species. 相似文献
8.
Ants are widely found in Mediterranean soils, where they increase water infiltration rates by forming soil macropores during nest construction. While higher water infiltration usually results in lower soil erosion rates, new soil brought to the surface by ant activity could increase sediments available for erosion. This could be especially important in intensively-managed citrus orchards, where surface mineral soil is exposed due to the lack of vegetation cover as a consequence of herbicide treatments. In the summer of 2009 rainfall simulations of low frequency–high intensity rainstorms were conducted in an orange orchard in eastern Spain on plots that contained ant nests and adjacent paired-plots without ant nests. Since soil erosion is a scale-dependent process, we used three plot sizes (0.25 m2, 1 m2, and 12 m2) to determine the effect of ant burrowing and nesting on soil and water losses. Ant nests decreased water losses from 22.5% at 0.25 m2 to 10.6% at 12 m2, but soil erosion rates were nearly double in areas with ant activity (0.56 to 0.59 Mg ha− 1 h− 1), as compared to soil with no ants (0.31 to 0.36 Mg ha− 1 h− 1). Our results indicate that the presence of ants can increase soil erosion when rainfall intensity is greater than the infiltration capacity of the ant macropores. 相似文献
9.
Irena M. Grze 《Pedobiologia》2009,53(1):65-73
Ants are considered to be relatively resistant to metal pollution, but the effect of metal toxicity on ant communities is poorly understood. This work examined the relationship between ant species diversity and heavy metal pollution at 16 meadow and forest sites along a metal contamination gradient in a mining and smelting region near Olkusz, Poland. Menhinick's index was used to estimate species richness. Pielou's index of evenness (J), Simpson's index of diversity (D) and the slopes of rank-abundance curves were used to estimate of species evenness. Regardless of species composition differences between forest and meadow, the increase in species diversity with increasing metal pollution was very clear in both ecosystems. The more polluted the site, the more species were detected and the more similar in relative abundance they were. Consequently, the extent to which one or a few species dominated a community decreased. This result can be explained by indirect effects of metal pollution, that is, changes in species interactions rather than by changes in abiotic conditions. 相似文献
10.
It is necessary to use special sampling method for studying of each animal group. However each method has its specificity and describes the studied community a bit differently. Three common methods for sampling of ants were compared: soil excavation, pitfall traps and baits. Ants were sampled in 25 patches in a large spruce forest in the Czech Republic during 2005 and 2006. Each patch represented one of five age classes (0–2, 3–5, 8–12, 26–41 and 85–105 years old), and the patches were located in five sites such that the five patches in each site formed a chronosequence. The percentage of variability in ants as explained by other sampling techniques was as follows: 60.0% of the variability in bait data was explained by pitfall trap data, while only 19.7% of the variability in pitfall trap data was explained by excavation data. Species and numbers of ants on baits were strongly affected by bait type: Myrmica species preferred honey whereas Formicinae preferred tuna bait. Assembly composition in pitfall traps varied significantly between study sites. The position of sampling site in landscape (location in the forest regardless of the immediate habitat type where the trap was located) hence strongly affected ants. Proportions of ants in particular methods were equal in the majority of cases. For excavation samples, ant numbers and species were more influenced by the immediate habitat than the wider habitat, but the opposite was true for samples from pitfall traps. 相似文献